It may be beneficial, however, to first consider the primary characters in the history of monasticism.

 

 

Abba Antony the Great (c. 254-356)

 

The most famous of all early monks is Abba Antony the Great, who is widely regarded as the founder of monasticism. He was raised in a Christian family in a village along the Nile River. Abba Antony's parents died when he was approximately 18 or 20 years old, leaving him a considerable fortune. One day, he heard a passage from the Gospel of Saint Matthew in the church: "If you would be perfect, go and sell what you have and give it to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven" (Matt. 19:21.) Immediately, he gave away all of his earthly possessions and fled to the desert. There, he practiced a rigorous life, both spiritually and physically. Indeed, the word "asceticism" is derived from the Greek word ascesis, which means "exercise regimen." The word was applied to Abba Antony's life, which included manual labor, vigils, and incessant prayer.

 

We know of Abba Antony and his life through Saint Athanasius the Apostolic (c. 296-373), the twentieth Patriarch of Alexandria, who authored a work entitled Life of Antony. This work is based on both firsthand encounters with Abba Antony while Saint Athanasius fled Roman persecution in the deserts of Egypt and recollections of Abba Antony's disciples. It is replete with stories of miracles, wisdom, and a lifelong struggle against Satan and his demons. The Life of Antony was more than merely the story of a holy monk in the desert, however. In his preface to Life of Antony, Saint Athanasius tells its readers, "Along with marveling at the man, you will want to imitate his purpose, for Antony's way of life provides monks with a sufficient picture for ascetic practice." In a short time, the story of Abba Antony's blessed life spread throughout the known world in several languages. It became the paradigm not only of asceticism, but also of proper Christian living. Some of the notable successors to this heritage are:

 

Abba Pachomius (c. 292-346)

 

Born in Thebes (present day Luxor) to pagan parents, he was forced into the military and subsequently captured. He was so touched by the charity and love of local Christians who provided assistance to him while in captivity that he embraced the faith and was baptized in 314. He entered the desert under the guidance of Abba Palamon in 317, imitating the hermitic life of Abba Antony.

 

A few years later, he heard a divine voice calling him: "Pachomius, Pachomius, struggle, dwell in this place and build a monastery, for many will come to you to become monks with you, and they will profit their souls." Abba Pachomius heard the calling and established the first cenobitic (i.e., "community") monastery at Tabennesi. He is thus credited as the founder of community monasticism, which is prevalent today.

 

The number of these cenobitic (or "Pachomian") communities grew at a miraculous rate. By his departure, there were nine monasteries for men and two for women. To deal with the administration of these communities, Abba Pachomius created the Koinonia. This word, which is Greek for "fellowship," simply describes the federation of these monasteries under a single leader and spiritual order.

 

In addition to establishing community monasticism and the Koinonia, Abba Pachomius was the first to establish a cohesive body of rules for monks. One biographer of the desert fathers tells us that an angel appeared to Abba Pachomius as he was in his cave and told him to create these Pachomian Rules from what was written on a bronze tablet. The only complete translation of these Rules comes to us from a Latin translation that was completed by Abba Jerome in the beginning of the fifth century.

 

Abba Macarius the Egyptian (c. 300-390)

 

Born in Shanshour according to late tradition, he was a contemporary of Abba Antony the Great, from whom he learned much about asceticism. There are many stories of him in the biographies of the desert fathers, and especially, the Apophthegmata Patrum. He established the monastic settlement of Scetis.

 

Abba Amoun (c. 290-347)

 

Born into a wealthy family, but orphaned at a young age. He was forced to marry when he was young, but convinced his wife to accept a celibate life with him. They lived thus for eighteen years until she persuaded him to pursue asceticism publicly. He founded the monastic settlements of Nitria and Kellia, which would become world famous in later years.

 

 

 

Histories of the Desert Fathers and Mothers

 

It is important to note that the sayings and stories of the desert fathers, although sometimes treated one cohesive work, are actually several biographies of the desert fathers with unique authors, translations, and dates of authorship. We consider some of them below.

 

Apophthegmata Patrum

 

This work, Sayings of the Desert Fathers, is a collection of sayings and stories of desert fathers in the fourth and fifth centuries. There are several versions in Coptic, Greek, Syriac, Latin, Armenian, and Ethiopic.

 

The History of the Monks in Egypt

 

This is an anonymous Greek work commonly believed to have been written by several traveling monks from Jerusalem in the late fourth century.

 

The Lausiac History

 

Written by Palladius in the early fifth century, this Greek work contains sayings and stories of several desert fathers that Palladius encountered during his journey throughout the Egyptian deserts in the late 380s. The work is named after its recipient, Lausus, the Roman emperor's chamberlain.

 

 

These sources all describe a unique spiritual experience in the desert, a window of heavenly life on earth. Indeed, their authors oftentimes described the sayings and stories as spiritual medicine. Palladius, in his prologue to Lausus, says, "May this account, then, be a constant reminder for the good of your soul and a constant medicine against forgetfulness."

 

It is by the grace of God that we commit to you this spiritual medicine now, that you may benefit from the wisdom and holy lives of the desert fathers.

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