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Laws to protect ancient and historic wrecks have been passed by an increasing number of states and nations, and an increasing number of state and national programs have been developed around the globe.
Splendid museums of nautical archaeology attract an increasing number of visitors. Noteworthy are those devoted to single ships (such as the Vasa, the Mary Rose, the Bremen cog, and the Molasses Reef Wreck) or groups of ships (for instance, in the Roskilde Museum in Denmark, the Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology in Turkey, the Viking Ship Museum in Oslo, and the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich, England).
Results of fieldwork in progress were eagerly awaited from projects such as the Greek excavations of a Bronze Age wreck at Iria and an unexpectedly large fifth-century b.c. amphora carrier in the Northern Sporades in the Aegean Sea. There was also ongoing work on dozens of vessels revealed through land reclamation in the Netherlands, the excavation of early dynastic Egyptian boats found by the University of Pennsylvania in the sands at abydos, the conservation with sugar rather than polyethylene glycol of an early Spanish hull excavated in Cuba, and surveys conducted by INA from the Red Sea to the Persian Gulf to the Black Sea and by the Western Australian Museum throughout the Far East.
References
Bass, G.F. 1970. 2d ed. Archaeology under Water. Harmondsworth, UK, and Baltimore: Penguin.
Bass, G. F., ed. 1972. A History of Seafaring Based on Underwater Archaeology. London and New York: Thames and Hudson and Walker.
———. 1988. Ships and Shipwrecks of the Americas. London and New York: Thames and Hudson.
Muckelroy, K., ed. 1980. Archeology under Water: An Atlas of the World’s Submerged Sites. New York and London: McGraw Hill.
Throckmorton, P., ed. 1987. The Sea Remembers: Shipwrecks and Archaeology. London and New York: Mitchell Beazley International and Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Journals and Proceedings of Conferences
Archaeonautica. 1977– . Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
Bulletin of the Australian Institute for Maritime Archaeology. 1977– .
Institute of Nautical Archaeology (ina) Newsletter. 1973–1991. College Station, TX.
Institute of Nautical Archaeology (ina) Quarterly. 1991– . College Station, TX.
International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 1972– . London: Academic Press.
Tropis. 1985– . Piraeus: Hellenic Institute for the Preservation of Nautical Tradition.
Underwater Archaeology Proceedings from the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference (1987– ) in the U.S. Pleasant Hill, CA.
(1844–1926)
Born in Geneva, switzerland, and educated at the University of Geneva; King’s College, London; and the universities of Bonn, Paris, and Berlin, Henri Edward Naville was a biblical scholar and philologist who studied under the great Egyptologist karl richard lepsius. Naville first visited Egypt in 1865 and copied the Horus texts at Edfu, a site in Upper Egypt. He later worked on the Solar texts and published four volumes of the Book of the Dead. The decipherment of these ancient texts and inscriptions enabled a chronology and history of ancient Egypt to be devised.
Naville was the first archaeologist to be employed by the egyptian exploration society (at that time the Egypt Exploration Fund), and he excavated at Tell el-Makhuta in 1883 and the Wadi Tumilat in 1885–1886, the western end of which was identified as the biblical land of Goshen. Between 1886 and 1889, Naville excavated at Bubastis on the southeastern Nile Delta and brought back many artifacts from there to the british museum, including a huge granite head of the pharaoh Amenemhat III. He then excavated another ten sites in the Nile Delta, including Herakleopolis, Mendes, and Tell Mukdam.
From 1893 to 1896, Naville worked in Upper Egypt finishing the excavation of Hatshepsut’s mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahari begun by auguste mariette, and his field assistants there included david hogarth and howard carter. In 1903, Naville returned to excavate the temple’s mounds, discovering tombs and
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