theory and practice, of how archaeology has defined itself as a field, and of other sociological aspects of the production of archaeological knowledge. These debates are raising the self-consciousness of the people who study the history of archaeology and must contribute, in the long run, to improving the standard for such studies.

Conclusions

With a declining adherence to positivism and a lessening belief in a culture-free methodology for explaining human behavior, the history of archaeology has ceased to be regarded as marginal to archaeology and is assuming a more central position in the discipline. Its study provides a matrix for evaluating established theories and is calling current dogmas into question. The field also provides a basis for discussing epistemological questions in terms that are familiar to archaeologists. The history of archaeology is therefore coming to play a major role in both the understanding and the application of archaeological knowledge.

Bruce G. Trigger

References

To date little has been written about the study of the history of archaeology. Items include:

Clarke, David. 1973. “Archaeology: The Loss of Innocence,” Antiquity 47: 6–18.

Murray, Tim. 1989. “The History, Philosophy, and Sociology of Archaeology: The Case of the Ancient Monuments Protection Act (1882).” In Critical Traditions in Contemporary Archaeology, 55–67. Ed. V. Pinsky and A. Wylie. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Patterson, Thomas C. 1986. “The Last Sixty Years: Toward a Social History of Americanist Archeology in the United States.” American Anthropologist 88: 7–26.

Pinsky, Valerie. 1989. “Introduction: Historical Foundations.” In Critical Traditions in Contemporary Archaeology, 51–54. Ed. V. Pinsky and A. Wylie. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Sterud, Eugene. “Changing Aims of Americanist Archaeology.” American Antiquity 43: 294–302.

Trigger, Bruce G. 1980. “Archaeology and the Image of the American Indian,” American Antiquity 45: 662–667.

———. 1985. “Writing the History of Archaeology: A Survey of Trends.” In Objects and Others: Essays on Museums and Material Culture, 218–235. History of Anthropology, no. 3. Ed. George W. Stocking, Jr. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

———. 1989. A History of Archaeological Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

———. 1994. “The Coming of Age of the History of Archaeology.” Journal of Archaeological Research 2.

Wilk, R. 1985. “The Ancient Maya and the Political Present.” Journal of Anthropological Research. 43: 307–321.

For a preliminary classification of correlations between archaeological interpretations and different types of social movements, see Gero, Joan M. 1985. “Socio-politics and the Woman-at-Home Ideology.” American Antiquity 50: 342–350. Discussions of method are also found in Christenson, Andrew, ed. 1989. Tracing Archaeology’s Past. Carbondale: University of Southern Illinois Press, and in successive issues of the Bulletin of the History of Archaeology. Daniel, Glyn. 1975. A Hundred and Fifty Years of Archaeology. 2d ed. London: Duckworth provides a comprehensive list of histories of archaeology written before 1975.

Hogarth, David George

(1862–1927)

Hogarth was born in Lincolnshire and educated at Winchester School and Magdalen College Oxford. He studied classics and won a Craven traveling fellowship to pursue his interests in archaeology. In 1887 and 1890 he traveled with the epigraphist Sir William Mitchell Ramsay in Asia Minor. In 1888 he excavated at the site of paphos on cyprus. Hogarth spent three seasons in Egypt in the early 1890s working for the egypt exploration society at Deir-el-bahri, Alexandria, and the Fayum, where he perfected his excavation techniques, but he preferred classical to Egyptian archaeology. He was as excellent a writer as he was an archaeologist, publishing a number of popular travel books.

In 1897 Hogarth became a correspondent on Crete for The Times newspaper to cover its fight for independence from turkey, and later in Thessaly (northern greece) to report on the Greco-Turkish war. At the end of this year he became director of the British School of Archaeology in Athens. During his three years as