whose influence, especially his approach to the stone tool collections of northern Chile, was largely felt in the research and academic program at the University of Chile and research conducted in Patagonia and the south-center part of the country.

This late renewal of the cultural-history thesis was not popular in Chile, but among its final outcomes were a study on the Mapuche (Oyarzún in Orellana 1979). Julius Spiner, a lawyer from Vienna, became professor of prehistory at the University of Valparaiso and taught the next generation of archaeologists. He excavated at the Atacama oasis with Mario Orellana, but he failed to overcome the limitations of his orthodox methodology. Menghin’s influence was felt in the adoption of what was considered to be the only modern method, in which cultural components recorded in Chile were compared as “global phenomena,” but in contrast to the Argentinean aceptance of “Kulturkreise” Menghin had had limited influence in Chile.

Between 1925 and 1949, North American archeologists began to position themselves around the most important archaeological ruins and sites across the world and to disseminate their theories, methods, and resources. A.L. Kroeber, alfred v. kidder, J.H. Rowe, irving rouse, william duncan strong, W. Bennet, Junius Bird, C. Evans, and Betty Meggers arrived in the Andean regions. Bird (1943) and Bennet headed south, taking their cutting-edge methodologies with them. Archaeological work by M. Posnansky in Bolivia and julio tello in Peru made an impact in Chile at about the same time that Uhle ceased to be a major protagonist and Latcham was the only alternative leader.

Starting in 1940, the influence of the innovative scholars from the early part of the twentieth century began to decline or was revised by a new generation of archaeologists consisting of foreigners such as Junius Bird, resident scholars such as Grete Mostny and Francisco Cornely, and the first full-time Chilean archaeologist, Jorge Iribarrean. All were involved with the transitional interface between the Medina-Uhle-Latcham triad and the generation educated in the 1960s.

Along with the British missionary Dillman Bullock, Francisco Cornelly is considered to be the cofounder of the Museum of Angol (in 1943), and Francisco Fonck, founder of the Museum of Villa del Mar, is considered to be the pioneer of regional studies. Cornelly was a German art scholar who began his career collecting Indian antiquities. His first excavations were done in the Auracania, in south Chile, and around 1934 he settled first in Atacama and then in Coquimbo, where he founded the Archaeology Museum of La Serena (1942) and the Archaeological Society (1944). He edited some enduring publications and made known the Molle and Diaguita cultures of the semi-arid northern part of Chile. In 1959, Cornelly was replaced by his friend and collaborator, the young and talented Jorge Iribarren.

Through the work of Junius Bird (1938a, 1938b, 1943), the North American school propagated a stratigraphic method centered more on the occupational than on the funerary context, and this method contested more-traditional strategies. The work of both Bird and Iribarren abounded in new theoretical, methodological, and empirical proposals, and a passion for bibliographic resource in conjunction with fieldwork characterizes Iribarren’s work. Putting aside his own ideological principles, Iribarren was able, during the height of academic repression, to protect those scholars who were subjected to humiliation by the military regime. Mostny, with an extensive academic production, concentrated her efforts on the National Museum of Natural History, where she was surrounded by notable group of collaborators such as J. Montané, E. Durán, S. Quevedo, and R. Stehberg. Along with this endeavor she continued her efforts to disseminate information through the creation of scientific youth groups.

During this period, the published works of Bird (1938a, 1938b, 1943), Mostny (1954), Latcham (1938), Iribarren (1961), Schaedel (1957), and Rydén (1944) were obligatory reading for the members of any research project in Chile. The University of Chile had been strengthened by the creation of the Center of Anthropological Studies (1950), and from this center Richard Schaedel and his local associates in the 1960s reactivated the discipline based on