than intellectual. Furthermore, because Taylor had not yet published the supporting materials for his “conjunctive approach” on how archaeology should be carried out, most readers were skeptical of his arguments. In the short term, the book generated far more heat than light.

Consequently, although Taylor received a Guggenheim Fellowship (1950–1951) and recognition as a scholar (made a Fellow of the American Anthropological Association in 1946 and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1954), he could not obtain a permanent academic position during the decade following the book’s publication. Instead, he held a series of part-time visiting appointments at six institutions, mostly in Mexico.

In 1958, at age forty-five and with the help of his colleague and former Harvard classmate, J. Charles Kelley, Taylor was hired as professor and chair of the newly formed Department of Anthropology at Southern Illinois University– Carbondale (SIU). Over the next five years he developed a strong curriculum and created a highly regarded Ph.D. program at that institution. The death of his wife in 1960 and other personal problems led him to resign the chair in 1963, but he accepted a research professorship, which he held until his retirement from SIU in 1974 as professor emeritus.

Despite his recognized administrative abilities, Taylor was never nominated for an office in any major archaeological or anthropological society. Students found it difficult to work with Taylor, so although he must be considered a “founder” of the new archaeology, there is no cadre of Taylor’s students to carry on his work, as there is for lewis binford, James Hill, and William Longacre. This fact, combined with a modest publication record (although there are some important papers and A Study of Archeology is now in its seventh printing), Taylor’s failure to publish the long-awaited Coahuila report, and residual anger on the part of some people (after so many years), has meant that Taylor has been less influential in American archaeology than might otherwise have been expected.

Taylor’s last public involvement with archaeology was at the Fiftieth Annual Meeting of the society for american archaeology, held in Denver, Colorado, in 1985, and his last publication was the mainly descriptive monograph Contributions to Coahuila Archaeology (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Center for Archaeological Investigations, 1988). He resided on the Oregon coast until his death on 14 April 1997.

Jonathan E. Reyman

References

For references, see Encyclopedia of Archaeology: The Great Archaeologists, Vol. 2, ed. Tim Murray (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 1999), pp. 698–700.

Tello, Julio Cesar

(1880–1947)

Julio Cesar Tello was born in peru of inca background, was educated in Lima, and began his Ph.D. studies in medicine in San Marcos, Peru, where he also worked in the National Library and the Raimondi Museum. In 1909, he won a scholarship to study anthropology at Harvard University in the United States, where he was taught by anthropologist Franz Boas and archaeologists ales hrdlikca and frederick ward putnam. He finished his M.A. in anthropology in 1911 and traveled to France, England, and Germany, where he studied the conservation and interpretation of archaeological materials at major museums.

He returned to Peru in 1913 as director of the archaeological department of the Museum of Anthropology and Archaeology (formerly the Museum of Natural History). He accompanied U.S. archaeologists, such as Hrdlicka and Alfred Kroeber, into the field, participated in many other expeditions, and was the first Peruvian archaeologist to excavate scientifically. Tello’s early fieldwork was in the Peruvian highlands, where he was the first anthropologist to encounter and study the chavín culture and Chavinoid materials. The site of Chavín in the Peruvian northern highlands comprises a town and temple complex, built and inhabited between 900 and 400 b.c. The Chavín style of art—in sculpture, carvings, textiles, and metallurgy—is distributed across northern, coastal, and central Peru. By the 1930s Tello had worked all over Peru. This diversity in archaeological experience and expertise in the Chavín culture led to his theories about the autochthonous