World War II, but was finally able to publish it in 1959.

East Malaysia and Brunei

The early period of random finds in Sarawak, Brunei, and Sabah produced very little. “It did include, however, a time of world attention on Sarawak in the late 1870s when exploration of Sarawak caves and the Great Cave at Niah, in particular, was sponsored by Darwin, Huxley, and Wallace (Harrisson 1958, 550–560; 1970, 19) in an attempt to find the so-called ‘missing link’ in the evolution of man” (Solheim, et al. 1985, 12). “The reported results were that ‘cave deposits of this part of Borneo are wholly without interest except to local naturalists’” (Solheim 1983, 35). This survey did, however, establish that there were cave and open sites with prehistoric and early historic remains, not only at Niah but also at the Bau Caves in southwestern Sarawak and at Santubong, at the mouth of the Kuching River (Harrisson 1954, 1958; Harrisson and O’Connor 1969, 3–6; Solheim 1961). No reports on these findings were published.

Banks, as an early curator of the Sarawak Museum, published a few descriptions of prehistoric artifacts he came across in Sarawak, and Ivor Evans, in what was then British North Borneo, did the same for North Borneo (1913, 154–158; 1922).

Philippines

There are several publications on the history of Philippine archaeology (Beyer 1947; Evangelista 1969; Solheim 1952a, 1953, 1968). This history refers primarily to the articles by Evangelista and Solheim (1968).

The one true archaeological survey during the nineteenth century was done by Frenchman Alfred Marche. In 1881 he made a systematic survey, primarily of cave sites, on two of the central Visayan Islands, the more important being of Marinduque. He published a travel account of this in French (1887), which has been translated into English (1970). Most of his collections are now in the Musée de l’Homme in Paris, while a few artifacts are in the Museum of Madrid. A brief article was published on a few of the wood carvings in the Musée de l’Homme that he had recovered (Solheim and Gaynor 1978).

“Caves and open sites were casually explored in several localities in the Philippines by Feodor Jagor in 1860, J. Montano and Paul Rey from 1878–1881, and by Jose Rizal, Filipino national hero, and his party, in 1894. However, nothing significant resulted from these investigations” (Evangelista 1969, 99). Following Rizal’s activities in Mindanao, until 1921 there was no further known archaeological activity. In 1921 henry otley beyer started gathering data on possible prehistoric finds. Up until this time it was believed that no “stone age” had existed in the Philippines.

From 1922 to 1924 Carl Guthe led an archaeological survey program, primarily in the Visayan Islands, on behalf of the University of Michigan. He had a boat to work from and as the result of about 15,000 miles of travel by sea and land about thirty-one tons of artifacts from 542 sites had been collected. He had been instructed to make only surface collections, but he was unable to follow these instructions at all times and, as a trained archaeologist, he made small test excavations at a few prehistoric sites. The expedition was focused on locating sites with Chinese and Southeast Asian porcelains and stonewares. Guthe published only three short reports on the expedition (1927, 1934, 1937; Solheim 1964a, 3).

Beyer, the father of Philippine anthropology and archaeology, first came to the Philippines in 1905 as a government ethnographer. He had no training in archaeology when he became interested in the prehistory of the Philippines. He did no fieldwork in archaeology before 1926. In late 1925 he was preparing to return to the United States to join the Department of Anthropology at Harvard when he fell and broke his leg. While he was recuperating, work on the dam and reservoir at Novaliches, to provide water for Manila, began and archaeological sites were discovered. When he was able he went to visit the sites and thereupon decided to forgo Harvard and organize excavation at Novaliches (Solheim 1969b).

Beyer was not a trained archaeologist and his methods were self taught, based on common