sense and a very organized mind. His methods would not be considered “good” archaeology today, and criticism in the Philippines has tossed out most of his conclusions. However the generalizations he made, without presenting the data on which he based them, were on the whole quite accurate. His reconstructions of “waves of migration” have been shown to be most unlikely, but the dating for these waves and the areas from which he said they came match very well the times and areas with which contact has been hypothesized. His 1947 publication presents a very detailed history of archaeological finds in the Philippines.

In 1940 Olov R.T. Janse came to the Philippines from Vietnam to see if there were Dongson connections between the two areas. Thinking that Beyer was an amateur collector he did not work through him, and as a result found nothing of interest (Janse 1941, 1944, 1946). During World War II Beyer was not interned until the final six months of the war due to the intercession of Tadao Kano, a Japanese archaeologist in charge of museums in the Philippines. While he was unable to do any fieldwork during this time, he did much research and writing.

Taiwan

Probably the best history of Taiwan archaeology was one by Takeo Kanaseki and Naoichi Kokubu (1950). Written in Japanese, it was translated into Chinese. A brief history of Taiwan archaeology by Wu (1969) is the primary source for this article.

Archaeological research in Taiwan has not followed the trajectory that it did in the other Southeast Asian countries because the traditions that developed in Taiwan were the result of Japanese colonialism rather than western colonialism. Archaeology developed in close relationship with ethnology and the early Japanese focus in archaeological research was to relate the ethnic groups that were being studied at the time with prehistoric cultures. There are few if any reports suggesting any archaeological activities in Taiwan before the Japanese occupation began there in 1895.

There was very little communication between Japanese and western archaeologists until after the end of World War II. All publications on the archaeology of Taiwan were in Japanese or Chinese, resulting in an almost complete ignorance in the western world of what went on in Taiwan prehistoric research until well after the end of World War II. The first effective contact between Taiwan archaeology specialists and western archaeologists was in 1953 at the Eighth Pacific Science Congress and the Fourth Far-Eastern Prehistory Congresses Combined, held in Manila, where both Chinese and Japanese archaeologists from Taiwan took part.

Reports on archaeological subjects started appearing immediately in 1895 in the form of field notes that appeared in the Japanese archaeological journal Zenruiqaku Zasshi. “Three kinds of work may be distinguished among the sources: (1) Simple field notes, which include travel reports, site reports, and the description of artifacts; (2) Reports on excavations; and (3) Interpretations, which include theoretical analyses of data, discussions on the relationship between artifacts and the peoples, and discussions on the connections between Taiwan and other areas” (Wu 1969, 106).

In early 1897 Moshinori Ino and others discovered the Yuan-shan shell mound, one of the most important sites in Taiwan. Ino was an ethnographer and was the first to report impressed geometric decoration on pottery of the Ping-pu ethnic group, a kind of pottery latter found in archaeological sites. “He was the first person to carry out excavations in Peng-hu Island, and found that prehistoric communication existed between Taiwan and the Ryukyus and between Taiwan and Micronesia” (Ino 1907a, 1907b; Wu 1969, 106).

Ryuzo Torii presented the idea that the Yuan-shan culture might be related to a non-Taiwan culture (1897a). He was the first person to report the existence of the site of Pei-nan on the southeast coast of Taiwan (1897b), now the location of the largest excavation yet made in Taiwan. He also pointed out that there were prehistoric sites in the mountainous interior of Taiwan (1900). Torii authored one of the most important excavation reports of this early period (1911), and in his last paper (1926) he presented the first report on the megalithic culture in Taiwan.