projectile points of a form very similar to points found in Early Holocene Japan and Korea. A different flake/blade industry was found in Sumatra (Van der Hoop 1940) and West Java.

Sites identified as Neolithic have been unusually rare. From central Sulawesi, Cense excavated at Sikendeng in 1933 and van Stein Callenfels excavated at Kalumpang in 1933. In East Java Heekeren excavated at Kendeng Lembu in 1941. Unfortunately no reports on these sites were published, although van Stein Callenfels reported on Kalumpang at the Third Congress of the Far-Eastern Prehistory Association in Manila in 1935, the report of which was finally published in 1951.

Megaliths of a variety of forms, including cist graves, were reported and in some cases excavated in considerable number beginning in the 1920s. In the 1920s it was not realized that many of these were prehistoric, but by the 1930s it was recognized that the earliest were probably Neolithic in origin, and that they continued to be erected until the present day in some areas. They were found primarily on the larger islands of Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and Kalimantan, but some were found on islands in the Lesser Sundas.

Early Metal-Age finds include bronzes, iron artifacts, glass, and other kinds of beads and urn burials. These objects are often associated with megalithic burials. Both the megaliths and metal age artifacts were studied in comparison to similar artifacts in Mainland Southeast Asia, the philippines, and Taiwan. It was noted that many of the early bronze finds were similar to bronze artifacts from the mainland, and in particular from the site of Dongson in Vietnam.

Due to van der Hoop’s keen observations of the Pasemah remains in 1931, a prehistoric bronze culture that seemed to have existed contemporaneously with the megalithic culture became discernable. “Shortly thereafter, a bronze culture, later designated by Heine-Geldern (1936) as the Dongson civilization and much later (1945) designated the Dongson culture by the same scholar—formally assumed its proper place in the chronology of Indonesian prehistory. It was settled that the Dongson finds dated from the Han period and included specimens that dated from the first centuries a.d.” (Soejono 1969, 82).

The earliest form of large bronze drums (Heger I) were found in Sumatra, Java, Bali, Salajar, Sangean, Roti, Luang, Leti, and the Kei Islands. Referring to the Dongson elements of decoration, van Stein Callenfels “stated that the oldest pattern of ornamentation on the continent dated from 600 to 500 b.c. and that the southward move of this bronze tradition took place at 400 to 300 b.c. bringing with it ornaments of more degenerate types. At the same time, Heine-Geldern came to an almost similar conclusion” (Soejono 1969, 84). It is now known that Dongson bronzes, although not the large kettledrums, were being made in Vietnam by 800 b.c. and probably earlier, and that many elements of what had been considered the Dongson art style originated much earlier than the Dongson civilization in both Thailand and Vietnam and entered both the Philippines and Indonesia before 1000 b.c.

In Alor, Bali, East Java, and Central Java distinct variants of the Dongson bronze drum, called the moko type, were discovered and found to be locally manufactured. Discoveries by van Stein Callenfels and van der Hoop showed that bivalve molds were used for casting bronze artifacts.

Urn burials were discovered in South Sumatra, East Java, Central and South Sulawesi, Salajar, and Sumba starting in 1922. dating at first was a problem but as more were found many jars contained or had associated bronze and iron artifacts and glass, indicating Early Metal Age dating for most. A few sites had stone tools and no metal, suggesting possible Late Neolithic. Examination of skeletal material led to interpretations of mixtures of either Negroid and Malay or proto-Malay and Veddoid. The terminology has changed since that time. A few Chinese artifacts were found in early metal age sites.

Very little archaeological research was accomplished in eastern Indonesia. German Joseph Roder reported on rock paintings that he discovered in the Kei Islands and Seram. In 1937 he led an expedition in Mac Cluer Golf in western New Guinea. He was not able to complete the final report before the beginning of