subject, but her thesis has to date only been published in French (Penna 1999).

Robert L. Schuyler

See also

Individual countries

References

Deetz, James J.F. 1965. The Dynamics of Stylistic Change in Arikara Ceramics. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

———. 1977. In Small Things Forgotten: The Archaeology of Early American Life.New York: Doubleday.

Fontana, B. “Johnny Ward’s Ranch: A Study in Historic Archaeology.” 1962. Kiva 28, nos. 1–2.

Harrington, Jean Carl. 1955. “Archaeology as an Auxiliary Science to American History.” American Anthropologist 37, nos. 3–4: 181–188.

Hume, Ivor Noël. 1969. Historical Archaeology.New York: Knopf.

Kidd, Kenneth E. 1969. “Historical Site Archaeology in Canada.” National Museum of Canada Anthropological Papers 22. Ottawa.

Penna, Maria-Teresa. 1999. L’archéologie historique aux Etats-Unis. Paris: C.T.H.S.

Schuyler, Robert. 1998. “History of Historical Archaeology.” Bulletin of the History of Archaeology. November, no. 2: 7–17.

Schuyler, Robert L., ed. 1978. Historical Archaeology: A Guide to Theoretical and Substantive Contributions. New York: Baywood Publishers.

South, Stanley. 1977. Method and Theory in Historical Archaeology.New York: Academic Press.

South, Stanley, ed. 1994. Pioneers in Historical Archaeology: Breaking New Ground.New York: Plenum Press.

Historiography

Historical works dealing with archaeology have been written to entertain the public, commemorate important archaeologists and research projects, instruct students in the basic concepts of the discipline, justify particular programs or ideas, disparage the work of rivals, and, most recently, try to resolve theoretical problems. These studies have taken the form of autobiographies, biographies, accounts of the development of the discipline as a whole, investigations of specific institutions or projects, and examinations of particular theories and approaches. They have used the analytical techniques of intellectual and social history and sought to treat their subject objectively, critically, hermeneutically, and polemically. Over time, historical studies have become more numerous, diversified, and sophisticated. Histories of archaeology are being written for all parts of the world, and in a growing number of countries, a large amount of material is being produced at local as well as national levels. There is no end in sight to the growing interest in this form of research.

The history of archaeology has been written mainly by professional archaeologists, who have no training in history or the history of science, and by popularizers. Only a small number of works have been produced by professional historians. Archaeology has attracted little attention from historians of science, despite its considerable interest to philosophers of science. This lack of interest is hard to understand since the difficulties inherent in inferring human behavior from archaeological evidence make archaeology an ideal discipline for addressing many of the issues of objectivity that are currently of interest to historians of science.

Early Histories of Archaeology

The earliest use of the history of archaeology appears to have been for didactic purposes. In the mid-nineteenth century, the physicist Joseph Henry, the first secretary of the smithsonian institution, sought to purge American archaeology of useless speculation and to encourage an interest in factual research. To do this, he commissioned Samuel F. Haven, the librarian of the American Antiquarian Society, to write a critical historical review of studies of American prehistory titled Archaeology of the United States (1856). To improve the quality of American archaeology, Henry also published reports on developments in the discipline in the Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution, which was widely distributed in North America. The most successful of these was “General Views on Archaeology” (1861), the translation of a paper by the Swiss geologist and amateur archaeologist Adolf Morlot, which summarized major developments over the previous fifty years in European prehistoric archaeology, especially in Scandinavia and switzerland. This article did much to encourage the adoption of a