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(1877–1969)
Born on the English Channel island of Guernsey, Herbert J. Fleure as a child was kept isolated and on the island by ill health until he was fourteen, and his interests in natural history and Darwinian theory were encouraged. In 1897, he won a scholarship to Aberystwyth University College in Wales where he read zoology, geology, and botany. In 1904, he took up a fellowship at the Zoological Institute in Zurich, switzerland, where he studied physical anthropology and marine biology. He returned to Aberystwyth to work as lecturer in geology, zoology, and geography, and in 1910, he became professor of zoology and a lecturer in geography.
In 1917, Fleure became professor of anthropology and geography at Aberystwyth, uniting these two disciplines to develop concepts of human physical and social evolution in diverse environments worldwide. At this time the study of geography was in its infancy, and Fleure realized and taught its full potential and popularized it in books such as The Peoples of Europe (1922).
Fleure was also influenced by physical anthropologist sir grafton elliot smith’s ideas about the Neolithic period and the invention of agriculture and by raphael pumpelly’s “oasis hypothesis,” which he wrote about with harold peake in The Corridors of Time (1927–1956), a widely read ten-volume series about prehistory.
In 1930, Fleure became professor of geography at Manchester University in England, between 1949 and 1950, he was professor at both Alexandria and Cairo Universities, and in 1946, he was made honorary lecturer at University College, London. He published his large Natural History of Man in Britain in 1951,a work that was to become a classic. He was the first professional geographer to be made a fellow of the Royal Society in 1936, and he was president of Royal Anthropological Institute and its Huxley Medallist and lecturer in 1937.
The post-1492 history of the Caribbean Basin has been largely defined by colonialism. It has the longest colonial history in the Americas, with the first European colony in the region established in 1493 and the last European colonies and American commonwealths remaining there until 1995. This time depth is accompanied by a cultural diversity unparalleled elsewhere in the post-Columbian Americas. The Caribbean Basin is the only region in the hemisphere in which American Indian, Spanish, French, English, Danish, Dutch, African, and Euro-American people established societies and claimed political dominion during the colonial era. At least partly because of this complexity, relatively few historians and even fewer archaeologists have treated the circum-Caribbean area as a coherent unit (for one of a number of exceptions see Williams 1970). Instead, its written history—to which historical archaeology is inextricably linked—has been largely defined and organized by discrete episodes of European and North American intervention and involvement in the region.
Historical archaeology as used here refers to the archaeological investigation of sites occupied after 1492 for which both written documents and European technology are pertinent to interpretation. This endeavor has been largely a twentieth-century phenomenon not only in the Caribbean region but throughout the Americas as well. Both avocational and professional historical archaeologists in the Caribbean Basin and Florida have addressed questions related to an exceptionally diverse array of cultural and ethnic groups, time periods, site types, historical
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