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private and public building complexes, fortifications, and sanctuaries, including the Sanctuary of the Horned God and the Sanctuary of the Ingot God. Rich finds from both the settlement and the tombs include many high-status items imported from abroad or influenced by foreign prototypes. The latter include Mycenaean, Levantine, and Egyptian artifacts, as Cyprus was drawn into the international world of the eastern Mediterranean in the second half of the second millennium b.c. Processes of secondary state formation in Cyprus at the beginning of the late Bronze Age saw Enkomi develop as the earliest city on the island, and it maintained its preeminence when other polities developed later in the period.
References
Dikaios, P. 1969–1971. Enkomi Excavations 1948–58. 3 vols. Mainz: Verlag Philipp von Zabern.
Ephesus, an ancient city on the Ionian coast of turkey, was once a major port. It was famed in ancient times for the magnificent (and huge) temple of Artemis, and after the original burned down in 356 b.c., it was replaced by an even more magnificent building, which became one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Because of its importance throughout Hellenistic and Roman times, Ephesus boasted many major buildings and was an important center for sculpture production. Although it continued to be important into the Byzantine era, the site was progressively reduced in size and significance until it was abandoned in the eleventh century a.d.
Temple of Hadrian, Ephesus,Turkey
(Ann Ronan Picture Library)
Archaeological excavation began in Ephesus under John Wood (between 1863 and 1874), and the English had the signal fortune of excavating the Artemision (the temple precinct) in 1904, a feat that involved d. g. hogarth. However, it has been the Austrians who have made the most significant impact on the site. Beginning in 1895, under the auspices of the Austrian Archaeological Institute, they have excavated there for over a century.
References
Bean, G.E. 1966. Aegean Turkey: An Archaeological Guide. London: E. Benn.
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