work done abroad is Donald Redford’s excavations in Egypt at Karnak East in connection with the Akhenaton Temple Project. The Canadian Archaeological Institute at Athens and the Canadian Academic Centre in Italy were both established in 1978, and the Canadian Institute in Egypt was founded two years later. All three institutes facilitate archaeological research in these countries under the aegis of the Canadian Mediterranean Institute. At present, the future of this institute, and of all Canadian archaeology done abroad, is seriously threatened by continuing cutbacks in federal funding.

Despite shared methodological interests, there are few professional contacts between Canadian archaeologists excavating inside Canada and those working abroad, except at the Royal Ontario Museum or in university archaeology or anthropology departments. There is also little interaction among archaeologists studying different parts of the world. The Canadian Society for Archaeology Abroad, founded in 1969 to represent the interests of these archaeologists, has ceased to exist. Archaeologists researching abroad who do maintain contacts with archaeologists working inside Canada frequently share an anthropological interest in ecological studies and in reconstructing social life while those with a more humanistic orientation tend to avoid such contacts. This situation reinforces a division between anthropological and humanistic archaeologists, who in Canada, as in the United States, remain psychologically as well as disciplinarily isolated from one another. One bridge between these two groups is the multifaceted, Toronto-centered Dakhla Oasis Project, which has brought together both sorts of archaeologists to study the culture history of that region of Egypt from prehistoric times to the Christian period.

Conclusion

In Canada, archaeology does not constitute a single discipline or even a shared approach to studying the past. Prehistoric archaeology, as it relates both to North America and to the rest of the world, is generally located in the anthropology or archaeology departments of universities. The two Canadian archaeology departments were founded by anthropological archaeologists, and the departments share an anthropological orientation. Historical archaeology is generally taught in archaeology departments; yet, despite its importance as a practice, its institutionalization in Canadian universities remains weak. The archaeology of the literate civilizations of the Mediterranean world and the Near East is more likely to be studied in departments of classics and Near Eastern studies.

In museums, the situation is quite different. Most of them employ only archaeologists who study the history and prehistory of Canada. The one important exception is the Royal Ontario Museum, which has a large staff representing in its various departments and cross-appointments with the University of Toronto all the branches of archaeology. This is the only archaeological unit in Canada in which both the anthropological and the humanistic traditions of archaeology are substantially represented. There is no society or journal in Canada that embraces the work of all archaeologists. Proposals for formal cooperation between Canadian anthropological and humanistic archaeologists have elicited no positive response.

The relations between prehistoric archaeology and anthropology are looser in Canada than in the United States. There is no over-all anthropological association, as the Canadian Anthropology Society is a grouping of social anthropologists. Archaeologists working in anthropology departments have long complained that the numerical domination of these departments by social anthropologists has kept the number of prehistoric archaeologists employed in universities low. It has also hindered the hiring of archaeologists who specialize in technical analysis, which in turn has lowered the quality of archaeological training in such departments. Even so, most prehistoric archaeologists remain unwilling to abandon their ties with anthropology, and even those who work in archaeology departments see their main interests and orientation as being anthropological. Yet a growing number of archaeologists who have found employment in cultural resource archaeology, and therefore tend to be interested exclusively in Canadian archaeology,