of administrative and salvage activities. Much of the fieldwork and report writing associated with resource management now is done through contracting, which has led archaeologists to establish private consulting firms for this purpose. Since the early 1980s, as employment in universities, museums, and governments has become hard to find, these firms have provided most of the jobs available to young archaeologists. At present, cultural resource archaeologists generally are better funded and are carrying out more excavations in Canada than are university and museum archaeologists.

Archaeology Abroad

Early in the twentieth century, a few Canadians began to do archaeological work abroad. The most famous was the Peking-based physician Davidson Black, who in 1927 identified Sinanthropus pekinensis (Peking Man) and was involved in the excavations at Zhoukoudien until his death in 1934. The Canadian School of Prehistoric Research, a privately funded institution founded in 1925 by the geologist Henry Ami, carried out Paleolithic excavations in France into the 1930s. Amice Calverley, who began to work for the egypt exploration society in 1927, copied the reliefs of the Temple of Seti I at Abydos and published them between 1933 and 1959.

The person who had the greatest impact on Canadian archaeology done abroad was Charles Currelley, who excavated in Egypt for the Egypt Exploration Fund from 1902 to 1907, originally as an assistant to w. m. f. petrie, before becoming the first director of the Royal Ontario Museum of Archaeology when it was established in Toronto in 1912. This museum, which absorbed the old Ontario Provincial Museum, was to become a major center for archaeological research both within Ontario and outside Canada. Homer Thompson, who held appointments at both the University of Toronto and the Royal Ontario Museum beginning in 1933, was a key member of the american school of classical studies’ project to excavate and restore the Agora in Athens. A.D. Tushingham, who moved from Queen’s University to the Royal Ontario Museum in 1955, remains active in biblical archaeology.

Since 1945, archaeologists employed at the Royal Ontario Museum have excavated in iran, Iraq, greece, Egypt, the Sudan, belize, and other countries. Some of the excavations have been carried out in collaboration with other institutions, and Royal Ontario Museum archaeologists have participated in research organized by other groups. Often work has continued at the same site or in the same region for many years. This research, together with studies of the vast Chinese collections assembled during Currelley’s directorship, has made the Royal Ontario Museum Canada’s most important center for archaeology abroad. It has also played an important role in encouraging the development of classical, Near Eastern, and Egyptian archaeology at the University of Toronto.

Since 1960, a substantial number of archaeologists who do research abroad have found employment across Canada in university departments of anthropology, archaeology, classics, history, Near Eastern studies, art history, and religion. By the mid-1970s, these archaeologists outnumbered university-based archaeologists studying Canada by more than two to one. In 1961, the federal government supplied funding for a Canadian expedition, led by Philip Smith, that carried out prehistoric research as part of the UNESCO Campaign to Save the Monuments of nubia. Since then, research abroad has been greatly facilitated by federal government funds supplied through the Canada Council and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. This peer-reviewed funding, which takes the form of major grants extending over a number of years, is available for projects both inside and outside Canada and has supported archaeological research in many parts of the world.

Important archaeological projects have been carried out by classical archaeologists from the University of Toronto, the University of Alberta, McMaster University, McGill University, the University of British Columbia, and the University of Laval. Egyptian archaeology has been vigorously pursued by archaeologists from the University of Toronto, while the University of Calgary has become a center for African archaeology. Possibly the most publicized Canadian