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Breuil, Abbé Henri

(1877–1961)

Born in Mortain in the Department of Manche in france, Henri Breuil trained as a priest and was ordained in 1900. His interest in paleontology began during his priestly education, but his career as a prehistorian took off later under the influence of the archaeologists emile cartailhac, Louis Capitan, and denis peyrony. Between 1901 and 1905, Breuil helped Capitan and Peyrony investigate several major prehistoric sites and caves in the Dordogne region of France, such as Les Combarelles and Font-de-Gaume, and he accompanied Cartailhac on his cave explorations, including the one to altamira in spain.

In 1905, on the basis of his experience and his resulting publications, Breuil became a professor at the Catholic University of Fribourg, and in 1910 he went to Paris to become professor of prehistoric ethnography at the Institut de Paléontologie Humaine. From 1929 until 1947, Breuil was the first professor of prehistory at the Collège de France.

Breuil reclassified the artifact sequences and chronology of the Paleolithic period, and his scheme of successive cultural periods still forms, with some revisions, the current framework for the interpretation of European prehistory. Breuil not only added several new Paleolithic stages—the Clactonian, Levalloisian, and Tayacian—but also refined the Chellean period into the Acheulean, which then progressed and was transformed into the Mousterian. He also revised the chronology of the upper Paleolithic period, arguing for the significant impact of Aurignacian cultures on Mousterian traditions and establishing that the Aurignacian preceded the Solutrean; he also divided the Magdalenean into six phases based on changes in tool types.

Breuil’s explorations of cave art continued as well. In 1906, he and Cartailhac explored the cave of Niaux in the Ariège, and much later, he was the first to enter the cave of lascaux after its discovery by schoolboys in 1940. He was recognized as the international expert on Paleolithic cave art, and with each new discovery, he became the arbiter of authenticity. He visited, recorded, and reproduced cave art and cave decorations, not just in western Europe, but in Africa, the Sahara, Abyssinia, Asia Minor, and china. Breuil saw in this art not only the fruit of artistic spontaneity but also a communal religious and magical expression testifying to collective interests linked to the way of life of the great hunters of prehistory. Breuil was the first prehistorian to explore and decipher this art, and he also established the chronological and methodological bases for its study.

Breuil worked briefly in China at Zhoukoudian in the early 1930s and after World War II in southwestern Africa and Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). He received many awards and honors, including being elected to the Institut de France in 1938 and receiving the Huxley Medal from the Royal Anthropological Institute in 1941.

Claudine Cohen

Britain, Classical Archaeology

The British, so precocious in the study of the prehistory of their own islands (Daniel 1967, 34–47), were at first, by Continental standards, slow and amateurish in their contributions to the study of classical archaeology. To this day,