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Industrial Archaeology

A systematized means of utilizing artifacts, images, structures, sites, and landscapes in the investigation of the industrial past, industrial archaeological studies are making significant contributions to historical understanding. There are learned societies, journals, and publications on the subject in most western European countries, in North America, in japan, and in Australia. Industrial heritage is receiving increasing attention in russia and in Latin America and is beginning to be recognized in most other countries.

An international organization, the International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage (TICCIH), was formally constituted at a conference at Grangärde, Sweden, in 1977 after preliminary meetings at Ironbridge, England, in 1973 and Bochum, Germany, in 1975. TICCIH holds conferences, usually at three-year intervals, and each result in a volume of reports on developments in the industrial heritage of particular countries in addition to the conference proceedings (CEHOPU 1992; CILAC 1981, 1985; Cossons 1975; Georgeacopol-Winischhofer, Swittalek, and Wehdorm 1987, 1990; Kroker 1978; Nisser 1978, 1981; Nisser and Bedoire 1978; Vanderhulst 1992; Victor and Wright 1984; Wright and Vogel 1986). TICCIH also encourages the establishment of national organizations for promoting the study of the industrial heritage, and its council and officers are elected by the accredited representatives of such bodies.

In England, the expression industrial archaeology is sometimes used to imply that it is a social activity, and, in other European countries, terms meaning industrial heritage—patrimoine industriel or industrieel erfgoed, for example—are similarly comprehensive, encompassing such activities as the conservation and operation of railways and canals, the collection of steam road vehicles, and the adaptive reuse of industrial buildings. The term industrial archaeology is best used in a more narrow academic sense to describe research into past industrial societies based on the scientific analysis of physical remains, whether these are artifacts, images, structures, sites, or landscapes, and industrial archaeology is a subsector of the broader field of investigation defined as archaeology.

The Portuguese polymath Francisco de Sousa Viterbo (1845–1910) first used the term arqueologia industrial in 1896 in a study in which he argued that much could be learned from study of the physical remains of past manufacturing activities and from the memories of people who had been involved in the production process (Sousa Viterbo 1896/1986). The value of artifacts in the study of industrial history was acknowledged by the founders of the great national museums of technology like the Musée National des Techniques, Paris; the Science Museum, London; and the Technisches Museum für Industrie und Gewerbe, Vienna. Historians of industry in the first half of the twentieth century nevertheless made sparse use of archaeological evidence, and some standard works on the British Industrial Revolution show a remarkable ignorance of the most basic technological processes and scarcely any awareness of the most important manufacturing complexes. The only outstanding archaeological study of industry in England in this period was by an amateur scholar (Straker 1931).

Industrial archaeology was reborn in the 1950s. The Belgian scholar René Evrard (1907– 1963), founder of the Museum of Iron and Coal in Liège, was using the term archéologie industrielle by 1950. The first recorded use of the English term in print was by Michael Rix (1913–1981) of the University of Birmingham in an article published in 1955 (Rix 1955), although supposedly it was used by scholars in the Department of Economic History at the University of Manchester before that date. Kenneth Hudson (1916–), journalist, broadcaster, and subsequently museum critic, was the author of