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Indus Civilization

First Phase (1924–1946)

On the basis of excavations in what is now Pakistan by D.R. Sahni at harappa in 1920–1921 and by rakal das banerji at Mohenjo Daro in 1921–1922, john marshall, the then-director general of the Archaeological Survey of India, made the first formal announcement of the discovery of this civilization in 1924 (Marshall 1924). Both of these sites were known earlier, however. In 1911–1912, D.R. Bhandarkar had visited Mohenjo Daro to report on a Buddhist stupa there; in 1876, alexander cunningham had published some seals and antiquities from Harappa; and “Indus” material from the site of Sutkagendor along the western part of the Makran coast in Baluchistan, much to the west of the Indus Valley, had been illustrated by W.T. Blandford in 1877. However, the Bronze Age character of these sites was not understood earlier (Chakrabarti 1988, 156–164; Deva 1982; Pande 1982; Possehl 1982).

Before mortimer wheeler (1947), a successor of John Marshall, reexcavated the citadel mound at Harappa in 1946 and began a new phase of Indus studies, the work on that civilization had proceeded in the following directions. Mohenjo Daro in the lower Indus Valley, or the province of Sind, was excavated until 1927 under Marshall’s supervision. It was further excavated in 1927–1931 by E. Mackay who, although an outsider to the survey, was engaged for the purpose because of his experience at the large and more or less contemporary Mesopotamian site of Kish. In 1935, Mackay excavated Chanhudaro, another Indus site in Sind. In both north and south Baluchistan, some Indus sites were reported by aurel stein (1929, 1931) after exploring the region in 1927. Information about more of the sites in Sind were published by N.G. Majumdar (1934) and M.S. Vats (1938). In Gujarat in western India, an Indus site was identified by Vats (1937) at Rangpur. Sahni excavated Harappa in the upper Indus Valley, or Punjab, in 1920–1921 and 1923–1925, but between 1926 and 1934, the site was excavated by Vats (1940) who reported another site near Harappa in addition to pointing out the Indus character of Kotla Nihang Khan in the Simla foothills of northern India. In 1942, Stein (1942) reported Indus sites in Bahawalpur in what is now Pakistan.

Thus, in the first phase of its study, the distribution of the Indus civilization was known to have extended from the Makran coast to the Simla foothills and from northern Baluchistan to Gujarat. Its extensive distribution in Sind and in the dried-up Ghaggar-Hakra drainage system of Bahawalpur was also understood during this period. More significantly, the classical excavation reports on Mohenjo Daro (Mackay 1938; Marshall, ed. 1931), Harappa (Vats 1940), and Chanhudaro (Mackay 1943) were published.