outcomes will greatly influence the advancement of archaeology as a science in modern Indonesia. Archaeology in Indonesia has now achieved a structure and level of organization within a framework of government that should lead to an increase in all areas—fieldwork, restoration, protection and conservation, and publication, all supported by the national development program. The education of archaeological cadres is now being provided by Indonesian universities.

Within two decades of the separation of archaeology into two specialized divisions, there was a great increase in archaeological fieldwork, scientific research, and restoration across almost all of the Indonesian archipelago. It has been a remarkable achievement given the huge area covered and the enormous amount of archaeological data involved. The preservation and research of prehistoric, classic (Hindu-Buddhist), Islamic, and colonial sites and artifacts have been carried out despite inadequate funding and personnel.

Discoveries comprise: fossil remains of early hominids in Java; bronze kettledrums, and prehistoric ceremonial objects in South Sumatra, West Kalimantan, Java, Bali, and East Nusa Tenggara; prehistoric burial complexes in Java and Bali; and Hindu-Buddhist temples on Java and Bali. Restoration and preservation have been undertaken at prehistoric megalithic sites and include objects in Sumatra and Java; Hindu-Buddhist temple complexes on Java, Sumatra, and Bali; ancient mosques and tombs of the Islamic period in Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and East Nusa Tenggara; and colonial buildings and fortresses in Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and East Nusa Tenggara. These discoveries and the results of research from both divisions have been published in professional and popular journals and reports.

Workshops and seminars on archaeology are annually organized at national and international levels. Field museums at several important archaeological sites like Trinil, Sangiran, Trowulan, and Banten, all located on Java, have been completed, and many archaeological artifacts are now in provincial museums. The Act of Preservation of Cultural Property, with particular reference to archaeological artifacts and sites, was implemented in 1992 to prevent illegal excavation and the export and sale of archaeological artifacts. Exhibitions and public lectures on archaeology are given frequently in the provincial capitals.

R. P. Soejono

See also

Island Southeast Asia

References

Bernet Kempers, A.J. 1959. Ancient Indonesian Art. Amsterdam: Van der Peet.

Bosch, F.D.R. 1919. “Een hypothese omtrent den oorsprong der Hindoe-Javaansche kunst.” In Handelingen van het le Congres voor Je Taal-, Land- Volkenkunde van Java.

Brandes, J.L.A. 1904. “Beschrijving van de ruine bij de desa Toempang, genaamd Tjandi Djago, in de residentie Paseeoeroean.” Batavia: Uitgave Koninklijk Instituut en Bataviaasch Genootschap.

———. 1909. Beschrijving van Tjandi Singasari; en de wolkentoneelen van Panataran. Batavia: Uitgave Koninklijk Instituut en Bataviaasch Genootschap.

Casparis, J.G. de. 1950. Inscripties uit de Cailendra-tijd: Prasasti Indonesia. Vol. 1. Bandung and Jakarta: Dinas Purbakala R.I.

Daniel, G.E. 1950. A Hundred Years of Archaeology. London: Duckworth.

Goris, R. 1954. Prasastii Bali I-II. Bandung: Lembaga bahasa dan budaja, University of Indonesia.

Heekeren, H.R. van. 1957. The Stone Age of Indonesia. Verhandelingen Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, vol. 21. The Hague: Nijhoff. Rev. ed., 1972, vol. 61.

———. 1958. The Bronze-Iron Age of Indonesia. Verhandelingen Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, vol. 22. The Hague: Nijhoff.

Koentjaraningrat, R.M. 1958. “Beberapa metode anthropologi dalam penjelidikan-penjelidikan masjarakat dan ke-budajaan di Indonesia (Sebuah ikhtisar).” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Jakarta.

Krom, N.J. 1920. Inleiding tot de Hindoe-Javaansche Kunst. 2 vols. Verhandelingen Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. The Hague: Nijhoff.

———. 1926. Hindoe-Javaansche Geshiedenis. Verhandelingen Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. The Hague: Nijhoff. 2d rev. ed., 1931.