| Page 43 | |
Lepage, C. 1975. “Le premier art chrétien d’Ethiopie.” Dossiers de l’Archéologie 8: 34–57.
Littmann, E., S. Krencker, and Th. von Lupke. 1913. Deutsche-Aksum Expedition, I-IV. Berlin: G. Reimer.
Michels, J.W. 1979. “Aksumite Archaeology: An Introductory Essay.” In Axum, pp. 1–34. Ed. Y.M. Kobishchanov. University Park: Pennslyvania State University Press.
———. 1994. “Regional Political Organization in the Aksum-Yeha Area during the Pre-Aksumite and Aksumite Eras.” In Etudes éthiopiennes, 1:61–80. Ed. C. Lepage. Paris, France: Editions Recherche sur les civilisations.
Monti della Corte, A.A. 1940. Lalibela. Rome: Società italiana arti grafiche.
Mordini, A. 1961. “L’architecture chrétienne dans l’éthiopie du Moyen Age.” Cahiers d’Etudes Africaines 2: 166–171.
Mordini, A., and D. Matthews. 1959. “The Monastery of Debra Damo.” Archaeologia 7: 46–48.
Munro-Hay, S. 1989. Excavations at Aksum. London: British Institute in East Africa.
Mussi, M. 1974–1975. “Etat des connaissances sur le Quaternaire de la Somalie.” Quaternaria 18: 161–183.
———. 1987. “Buur Medow 1: A LSA Site in the Middle Juba Valley.” Nyame Akuma 28: 33–37.
Neuville, H. 1928. “Contribution à l’étude des megalithes abyssins.” L’anthropologie 38: 255–288.
Paribeni, R. 1907. “Ricerche sul luogo del Monumenti antichi.” 17: 497–523.
Phillipson, D.W. 1977. “The Excavations of Gobedra Rock-Shelter, Axum.” Azania 12: 53–82.
———. 1994. “The Significance Aksumite Stelae.” Cambridge Archaeological Journal: 189–210.
Puglisi, S.M. 1940. “Primi risultati delle indagini compiute dalla Missione Archeologica di Aksum.” Africa Italiana 8: 95–153.
———. 1946. “Industria litica di Akssum nel Tigrai Occidentale.” Rivista di Scienze Preistoriche 1: 284–290.
Ricci, L., and R. Fattovich. 1988. “L’antica Adulis. Scavi archeologici nella zona di Aksum: B. Bieta Giyorgis.” Rassegna di Studi Etiopici 31:123–197.
Roger, Ph., C. Thibauld, and M. Weidmann. 1975. “Sur la stratigraphie du Pleistocene dans le centre et le sud du T.F.A.I.” In Afar Depression of Ethiopia, pp. 221–227. Ed. A. Pilger and A. Rosier. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart.
Roubet, C. 1970. “Prospection et découvertes de documents préhistoriques en Dankalie (Ethiopie septentrionale).” Annales d’Ethiopie 8: 13–20.
Shiner, J., ed. 1971. The Prehistory and Geology of Northern Sudan. Dallas.
Wendorf, F., and R. Schild. 1974. A Middle Stone Age Sequence from the Central Rift Valley, Ethiopia. Warsaw: Ossolineum.
See Maghreb
See Nubia
Apart from some hints of legendary origins provided by Arab historians, two sets of factors precipitated the birth of a Saharan archaeology. First, Napoleon’s campaign in Egypt, the craze for “Egyptian antiquities,” and jean-francois champollion’s decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphics in 1822 that marked the beginning of a prestigious discipline, Egyptology. Second, Algeria was occupied by the French in 1830, just as E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, G. Cuvier, and j. boucher de perthes were laying the foundations of two new disciplines within France, animal paleontology and prehistory. The existence of a proper Saharan rock art was also discovered: the engravings of the Monts des Ksour (Saharan Atlas), first mentioned in 1847 by army officers Jacquot and Koch, and also those of the Mathendous, in Libya, where the German explorer Heinrich Barth identified an engraving known as the “Garamantic Apollo” in 1850. Other nineteenth-century explorers (H. Duveyrier in Algeria, G. Nachtigal in the Tibesti, karl richard lepsius in Nubia, E. von Bary in the Air Mountains) mentioned rock pictures. In 1898 Foureau, with Lamy and a strong escort, headed a remarkable scientific expedition that traveled from Algiers to the Congo. He registered the prehistoric sites he encountered and collected artifacts. The publication of his travels and discoveries marked the end of the
| |