researchers and has been reinforced by dealings with the better-educated Greek Cypriot officials and scholars. The situation may have biased some aspects of earlier research, but since 1974, it has had a dramatic practical effect as all recent excavations are concentrated in one part of the island so that a significant bias in primary data is gradually being created.

This bias is best illustrated by a long-term regional project directed by Edgar Peltenburg. Relocating his research from the north coast after 1974, Peltenburg has carried out extensive excavations at a series of Chalcolithic sites on the south coast, principally at Lemba and Kissonerga. When combined with Dikaios’s earlier work, there is now a solid basis for a discussion of the earlier prehistoric periods along the southern coast but little immediate prospect of comparative data from the northern half of the island.

Archaeologists from eighteen different nations have attended conferences in Cyprus, and apart from Cypriot scholars, the most active participation came from France, Great Britain, and the United States, the last clearly increasing in quantity. This increase has been partly promoted by the establishment of the Cyprus-American Archaeological Research Institute in Nicosia, which until recently was the only foreign institution of its kind on the island. There is now also a Cypriot section of the Athens Archaeological Society based in Nicosia.

Although excavations dominate Cypriot research, there has been a long tradition of archaeological survey. During the 1950s, Hector Catling established the Cyprus Survey within the Department of Antiquities, and he led a team of Cypriot archaeologists on a series of extensive surveys with the long-term view of covering the whole island. This ambitious plan could not be carried out, but Catling’s initial studies of settlement pattern provided the basis for later more sophisticated work by Nicholas Stanley Price and Steven Held, both looking at the earlier prehistoric periods. David Rupp’s Canadian Palaepaphos Survey Project has been the most substantial regional survey project; it used conventional survey strategies to document sites within a large river valley. Surveys by Bernard Knapp in the northwestern foothills of the Troodos have introduced more complex methods of off-site recording and analysis.

The relocation of refugees after 1974, coupled with a boom in tourism, led to large-scale developments in southern Cyprus, which has placed excessive pressure on many important sites. Although some rescue work can be carried out, Cypriot heritage managers are severely hampered by inadequate resources and ineffective penalties imposed on offenders. The impact of tourism on both site management and developing archaeological practice and theory is almost entirely negative. Specific, more impressive sites—mainly those of later antiquity, such as paphos—provide the main focus for tourists. Those sites and associated information in museums reinforce a formal, object-oriented, and simple culture-historical view of the past.

Since the early 1970s there have been sporadic attempts at processual or “new” archaeology. Nicholas Stanley Price, working on the early prehistoric periods, and David Frankel, working on the middle Bronze Age, were among the first to introduce a more self-conscious concern with method and theory and an analytical approach to data to derive behavioral rather than historical explanations of the past. This trend is especially marked in prehistoric archaeology, rather than that of later antiquity, as can be seen in papers given at a conference on early society in Cyprus held in 1988 (Peltenburg 1989).

Among current modern approaches are Steven Held’s ecologically based analysis of colonization and settlement pattern, Alain Le Brun’s symbolic analysis of features at Khirokitia, Bernard Knapp’s processual and postprocessual discussions of the late Bronze Age, Jenny Webb and David Frankel’s consideration of discard and site formation, and Priscilla Keswani’s analyses of the development of hierarchies. Ceramics still provide the basis for much of Cypriot archaeology, but there are significant moves away from the older typological approaches, as is illustrated by many of the papers given at a conference on Cypriot ceramics (Barlow, Bolger, and Kling 1991).

Despite these developments, Cypriot archaeology as a whole, especially that of late