studied at U.S. universities, especially the University of Chicago, Yale University, and the University of Wisconsin. As academic positions opened up in Canada, many of these individuals returned, but there were not enough Canadians with doctorates to fill all the new positions. There was therefore an influx of a large number of U.S. archaeologists into Canada, and many of them continued to hold key university positions for many years. Calgary provided the majority of Canadian-trained archaeological Ph.D.s beginning in the late 1960s, along with the University of Toronto and, later, Simon Fraser University. At first, most of these graduates were able to secure academic positions, but ironically, by the mid-1970s, when graduate programs in prehistoric archaeology were in place in universities across Canada, few academic positions were available for the archaeologists trained by those programs.

The largest single employer of prehistoric archaeologists after 1945 continued to be the Archaeology Division of the National Museum of Canada, which had separated from the Geological Survey of Canada in 1920. These archaeologists played an active role in carrying out fieldwork across Canada, and the division further encouraged research by means of a contracting system started when William E. Taylor, Jr., was director. Between 1960 and the mid-1970s, the division poured over $1 million into some 250 projects, many cosponsored by universities. Thus, the National Museum played an important role in stimulating the study of Canadian archaeology. Unfortunately, funds for this operation were severely curtailed as a result of government cutbacks in 1969, and by the mid-1970s, the activities of the division’s archaeologists were generally confined to federal lands (all of the Northwest and Yukon Territories, airports, harbors, etc.), which meant that alternative funding had to be found for archaeology on lands under provincial jurisdiction.

In 1967, the National Museums of Canada Corporation established a National Museum of Man, with William E. Taylor, Jr., as its director. In 1971, the Archaeological Survey of Canada was established within this museum to oversee the preservation of archaeological sites on federal lands, encourage research into Canadian prehistory, and inform the public about archaeological findings. One of the survey’s most important creations was the publication the Mercury Series, which, beginning in 1972, distributed free copies of significant theses, conference papers, and research reports dealing with Canadian archaeology until it, too, fell victim to cutbacks.

The most important task facing Canadian archaeologists after 1945 was to construct cultural chronologies for the whole country. This was a severe challenge, since many areas were remote from research institutions, difficult to travel in, and could be studied only during short summer seasons. The National Museum was active in encouraging and funding research, and archaeologists employed there, such as Richard S. MacNeish, James V. Wright, and William Taylor, played a major role in constructing cultural sequences across northern Canada. Archaeologists employed in universities and museums in southern Canada began to elaborate the cultural chronologies of their respective regions as well as working in the north.

There was also growing public interest in archaeology, which led to the establishment of provincial archaeological societies. The Ontario Archaeological Society was founded in 1950, and others were established in Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Quebec, and British Columbia between 1960 and 1966. In 1968, the Canadian Archaeological Association was founded. Modeled on the Society for American Archaeology, this association sought to embrace the interests and concerns of everyone who was investigating the archaeology of Canada. Its journal, the Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal Canadien d’Archéologie, publishes articles on all aspects of Canadian archaeology but primarily those relating to prehistory.

By the 1970s, cultural chronologies for most areas of Canada had been at least provisionally sketched out. The principal chronological question that remained unanswered was whether human beings had lived in any part of Canada prior to the end of the last Ice Age. Despite the great effort invested in the research that William Irving and Richard Morlan carried out