shortly before his death in 1941 that he became aware of the culture-historical approach that had been developing in the United States since 1914. He is credited with stimulating the development of amateur archaeology in Saskatche-wan, where the Saskatoon Archaeological Society was founded in 1935 and the Regina Archaeological Society was founded in 1943. In Ontario, Wintemberg inspired Wilfrid Jury to become a self-trained archaeologist in the Boyle tradition.

In the United States, during the Great Depression of the 1930s, federal relief agencies looking for ways to create temporary jobs supported a vast program of archaeological research that enabled archaeologists to work out detailed cultural chronologies for large areas of the country. This data base laid the foundations for the development of processual archaeology in the 1960s. In Canada, the underfunding of archaeological research continued through the first half of the twentieth century. Part of the problem was the low priority assigned to archaeological research by Diamond Jenness, the New Zealand-born ethnologist who, in 1925, succeeded Sapir as director of the Anthropology Division. Although Jenness had identified the prehistoric Dorset culture of northern Canada on the basis of archaeological collections in Ottawa and had excavated in Alaska, he maintained that it was more important to record the vanishing cultures and languages of contemporary aboriginal peoples than it was to excavate prehistoric remains, which he mistakenly believed would be safe in the ground for centuries. Even if the Canadian government had been willing and constitutionally able to sponsor archaeological research on a large scale during the 1930s, there would not have been enough archaeologists in Canada to direct such work. As a consequence, when a map entitled “Archaeological Areas of North America” was published in 1947, most of Canada had no areas marked on it.

The period following World War II was one of rapidly growing population and unprecedented economic prosperity that lasted into the 1970s. Slowly at first and then with explosive rapidity in the 1960s, government and university administrators sought to enhance their power and influence and to meet the growing expectations of various segments of the Canadian public by expanding the structures they controlled. As a result, many archaeologists were appointed to research and teaching positions across Canada. In the mid-1950s, fewer than 10 archaeologists were employed in Canada; by 1976, there were over 140.

The first prehistoric archaeology course taught at a Canadian university was offered by Phileo Nash in the Anthropology Department at the University of Toronto in 1938. The first enduring program to train archaeologists began in that department following the appointment, in 1947, of Norman Emerson, a Chicago-trained Canadian who mainly researched Iroquoian prehistory. In 1949, Charles Borden, a professor of German who had become interested in prehistoric archaeology, began offering courses at the University of British Columbia. In 1960, William J. Mayer-Oakes, an American who had taught at the University of Toronto, began an archaeological teaching and research program at the University of Manitoba, and in the same year, archaeology courses were offered at the University of Montreal.

The Glenbow Foundation began sponsoring archaeological research in Alberta beginning in 1955, which aroused interest in archaeology in that province. In 1963, Alan Bryan and Ruth Gruhn started to teach prehistoric archaeology at the University of Alberta, and in the following year, Richard S. MacNeish and Richard Forbis founded the first Department of Archaeology in North America at the University of Calgary. That department was to specialize in New World archaeology, for MacNeish and Forbis were convinced that archaeology had become a discipline with enough knowledge of its own to justify specialized training. A second archaeology department was started in 1971 at Simon Fraser University in British Columbia as a result of an acrimonious breakup of a larger social science unit. During the 1960s, archaeology was also taught in anthropology departments across Canada.

Until the 1960s, there were no coherent programs to train archaeology graduate students in Canada. Many Canadians interested in archaeology