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He was expelled from the university in 1969 and was succeeded by an official appointed by the authorities and considered to be a reliable bureaucrat. Duarte died years later while still in internal exile, and his successor continues to be regarded as a leading museum director.

From 1965 to 1971 Evans and Meggers, from the smithsonian institution in the United States, set up the National Archaeological Research Project (PRONAPA), bringing together the Paraense Museum Emílio Goeldi, Brazilian Heritage, and most of the archaeological practitioners from the south and northeast regions. In addition to training a new generation of Brazilian field-workers, PRONAPA conducted surveys and tests throughout the country. During the 1970s the following archaeological centers were created in São Paulo State (only the largest are mentioned here):

• The Prehistory Institute (IPH). Founded in 1952 by Paulo Duarte as the Prehistory Commission, it continued to be active until 1989, when it became part of the new Archaeological and Ethnological Museum (MAE-USP). From 1952 until 1989, some 100 papers by sixty authors were produced by or indirectly related to the IPH.
  
• The Paulista Museum. Until 1989 there was a prehistory section in this museum, active in excavations in the western part of the state. This section joined the IPH to form the new MAE-USP.
  
• The Archaeological and Ethnological Museum of São Paulo State University. From the 1970s on there was a section on Brazilian prehistory in this museum. Since 1989 all prehistoric archaeology in the university’s museums is carried out in the new MAE-USP.
  

Prominent archaeological centers were also established in other states:

• The Emílio Goeldi Paraense Museum (MPEG), Pará State
  
• The Archaeological Studies Section (NEA), Federal University at Pernambuco State (UFPE)
  
• The Anthropological Museum, Federal University at Santa Catarina State
  
• The Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro
  
• The Federal University at Rio de Janeiro State
  
• The Brazilian Archaeology Institute, Rio de Janeiro
  
• The Natural History Museum, Federal University at Minas Gerais State (UFMG)
  
• The National Museum of Rio de Janeiro, Federal University at Rio de Janeiro State
  
• The American Man Museum, Piauí State
  
• The Anthropological Museum, Federal University at Goiás State
  
• The Anchieta’s Archaeological Research Institute, São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul State
  

Graduate courses on archaeology were created at some universities, notably, at São Paulo State University and the Federal University at Pernambuco State. In 1980 the archaeological establishment was able to set up the conservative Society for Brazilian Archaeology (SAB). The main journals created from the 1960s were:

• Revista de Pré-História (published by IPH-USP until 1989)
  
• Dédalo (published by MAE-USP until 1989)
  
• Revista do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia (from 1991)
  
• Clio (published by UFPE)
  
• Pesquisa (published by the Instituto Anchietano de Pesquisas Arqueológicas, São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul)
  
• Revista do Museu Paulista (until 1989)
  
• Arquivos do Museu de História Natural (published by UFMG)
  
• Revista de Arqueologia (published by the National Research Center)
  

Heritage management has been developing in Brazil for a long time, but it was only in the 1930s that official bills were enacted in relation to the protection of monuments. In 1937 the Historic and Artistic National Heritage Service (Serviço do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional) was established. This office changed its name several times (e.g., to Secretaria do Patrimônio Histórico Artístico Nacional and then Fundação Nacional Pró-Memória) and is presently known as the Instituto Brasileiro de Patrimônio Cultural (Brazilian Heritage). It has a national department in Brasilia and regional sections in each state of the country. The national office in Brasilia is the controlling department,