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Tutankhamun, Tomb of

The discovery in 1922 of the intact tomb of the eighteenth Dynasty king Tutankhamun (ca. 1333–1323 b.c.) ranks as perhaps the single best-known event in archaeology during the twentieth century. The discovery was the culmination of a methodical search undertaken between 1917 and 1922 by howard carter with the patronage of the Earl of Carnarvon. The subsequent excavation of the tomb by Carter, assisted by a team from the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, received an unparalleled degree of attention from the international news media; it was the first archaeological project to be the subject of such press coverage. The debate over the fate of the artifacts was responsible for the rescinding of Egypt’s until-then liberal antiquities laws, which had formerly permitted equal division of artifacts between the Egyptian Antiquities Service and foreign archaeological projects.

Tutankhamun’s tomb is located in the Valley of the Kings, on the west bank of the Nile near the modern town of Luxor (ancient Thebes) in southern Egypt. The Valley of the Kings, a secluded desert wadi five kilometers west of the Nile, was the burial place of nearly all of the pharaohs of the New Kingdom (Dynasties 18–20, ca. 1550–1070 b.c.). The tomb of Tutankhamun was the only one of these to be preserved virtually intact. Most of the others had been plundered by local tomb robbers by the close of the New Kingdom. Although briefly penetrated within a century of the king’s burial, the entrance to Tutankhamun’s tomb was later obscured and protected by debris created during the construction of the tomb of Ramses VI (Dynasty 20), located just above it.

Tutankhamun’s tomb itself is modest in scale, consisting of only four rooms (antechamber, annexe, burial chamber and treasury). Objects that would normally have been deposited in an orderly fashion were piled together. The first two rooms contained an enormous volume of personal possessions including furniture, wooden caskets containing clothing, weapons, chariots, games, jewelry, and ritual couches, as well as containers of food, wine, oil, and other funerary offerings. The king’s body was buried in a nested sequence of sarcophagi and shrines that filled most of the burial chamber. The fourth room, the treasury, contained the king’s canopic shrine as well as an array of religious and ritual items closely connected to the person of the pharaoh.

Although Tutankhamun’s life was comparatively short, his reign falls at the end of one of the most widely discussed periods of ancient Egyptian history: the period of the heretic king Akhenaten. The seventeen-year reign of Tutankhamun’s father, Akhenaten (called the Amarna Period), witnessed the abandonment of traditional state religion and the sole veneration