finds and their publications. In this way, Carinthia came to be the most important scientific journal for Austrian archaeology.

Provincial Roman Archaeology

Most of the scholarly institutions concerned with classical archaeology were founded during the second half of the nineteenth century. In 1869, Alexander Conze was appointed to the newly established Lehrkanzel für Klassische Archäologie (Chair of Classical Archaeology) at the University of Vienna, and together with Otto Hirschfeld (holder of the Lehrkanzel für römische Geschichte, Altertumskunde, und Epigraphik [Chair of Roman History, Archaeology, and Epigraphy]) he founded the Archäologisch-epigraphische Seminar (Archaeological-Epigraphic Institute) in 1876. Conze was followed in the Chair of Classical Archaeology by Otto Benndorf, Emil Reisch, Camillo Praschniker, Otto Walter, Fritz Eichler, Hedwig Kenner, and Jürgen Borchhardt.

Other institutions founded in Vienna included the Archäologisch-philologische Gesellschaft (Archaeological-Philological Society) at the University of Vienna. Established in 1889, today it is known as Eranos Vindobonensis, as well as the Kommission zur Erforschung des römischen Limes (Commission for the Study of the Roman Limes). Limes are the boundaries of Roman defense and influence. Established by the Academy of Sciences in 1889 as a result of a proposal from Friedrich von Kenner, the commission publishes the series Der römische Limes in Österreich (RLÖ) [The Roman Limes in Austria]. At the instigation of Otto Benndorf, the Österreichische Archäologische Institut (Austrian Archaeological Institute) was founded in 1898. Benndorf’s successors as director included Robert von Schneider, Emil Reisch, Camillo Praschniker, Rudolf Egger, Josef Keil, Otto Walter, Fritz Eichler, Hermann Vetters, and Gerhard Langmann. The institute not only organizes numerous excavations, it also publishes excavation reports on Roman provincial sites in the supplements of its Jahreshefte [Yearbooks].

The Institute für Klassische Archäologie (Institute of Classical Archaeology) of the University of Graz was founded in 1895 (the first professor in 1890 was Wilhelm Gurlitt, followed by Rudolf Heberdey, Arnold Schober, Erna Diez, and Hanns-Thuri Lorenz), and the Institute für Klassische Archäologie of the University of Innsbruck was begun in 1899 (professors since World War II were Alfons Wotschitzky, Bernhard Neuss, and Elisabeth Walde). Both of these institutes concentrated on the art history aspects of classical archaeology in the Roman provinces. Studies of funerary monuments and bronzes were particularly stressed. More recently, settlement studies and research on Roman villas have been carried out. Provincial Roman archaeology has been represented at the University of Salzburg since the 1970s in the Institut für Alte Geschichte (Institute of Ancient History) where Norbert Heger, Kurt Genser, and Erwin M. Ruprechtsberger have been active in the field.

In addition to the national institutions already named, regional ones have carried out the bulk of the fieldwork in the field of provincial Roman archaeology in Austria. It is impossible to name all of the regional and city museums, associations, institutes, and their members who have been involved in this work (for more information see Niegl 1980). Most of the significant cities of Austria Romana, including Carnuntum, Vindobona, Solva, Teurnia, Virunum, Aguntum, Lauriacum, Lentia, Iuvavum, Veldidena, and Brigantium, have been investigated, though only rarely have architectural remains been preserved. Exceptions include the Archäologische Park Carnuntum (Carnuntum Archaeological Park), adjacent to the Museum Carnuntinum (established 1904) as well as the site displays created by Gernot Piccottini at Magdalensberg and by Wilhelm Alzinger at Aguntum.

Of the many archaeologists involved in such work, some of the outstanding ones who were active in the early twentieth century were Maximilian Groller von Mildensee, Friedrich von Kenner, Wilhelm Kubitschek, Rudolf Egger, Erich Swoboda, Arnold Schober, Rudolf Noll, and Hedwig Kenner. The focus of their work was, in addition to art history problems, early Christian monuments and the Roman limes. In his book on the provincial capital Carnuntum (reprinted three times), Erich Swoboda, professor of ancient history at the University of Graz,