Davidson, “Archaeologists and Aborigines” (1992), Australian Journal of Anthropology 2: 247–258; and J. Flood “‘Tread Softly for You Tread on My Bones’: The Development of Cultural Resource Management in Australia,” (1989), in H. Cleere, ed., Archaeological Heritage Management in the Modern World (London: Unwin Hyman), 79–101.

The standard work on Australian prehistoric archaeology is D.J. Mulvaney and J. Kamminga, The Prehistory of Australia, 3d ed. (St. Leonards, NSW: Allen and Unwin, 1999). A useful collection of significant papers is T. Murray, ed., Archaeology of Aboriginal Australia (St. Leonards, NSW: Allen and Unwin,1998).

Austria

General Structure

Archaeology in Austria is carried out within two academic disciplines: classical archaeology and pre- and proto-history. The investigation of the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages is the domain of prehistory; the archaeology of the provinces of Raetia, Noricum, and Pannonia, in part coeval with the area of modern Austria is the domain of classical archaeology. Prehistorians study all of the areas north of the Danube, i.e., those that lay beyond the limits of the Roman Empire, in the Roman imperial period, migration period, and early Middle Ages. Generally speaking, medieval and historical archaeological research in Austria today is conducted more by prehistorians and less often by classical archaeologists. An exception to this rule is provided by the archaeological investigation of churches and urban centers, which is mainly conducted by classical archaeologists. The study of the epigraphic finds, so important for Roman provincial history, is the domain of ancient history, and ancient coins found in the country are the province of numismatists. In Austria, provincial Roman archaeology is not an independent discipline.

The Prescientific Period

One of the first scholars interested in antiquities in Austria was Thomas Ebendorfer von Haselbach (1387–1464), who founded the discipline of history at the University of Vienna. Other scholars in the humanist tradition linked to the court of Emperor Maximilian I included Konrad Celtis and Johannes Cuspinian; later there were Carolus Clusius and Wolfgang Lazius, the latter the first scholar to publish on the Roman monuments of Vienna and to inspire a corpus of ancient coins. The first collections began at this time, and the imperial collection in Vienna and the antiquarian collection in Ambras Castle in the Tirol should be noted. The most important find of this period is the Jüngling of Magdalensberg (“youth” or “young man of Magdalensberg”), which was discovered in state of Carinthia (German, Kärnten) in 1502.

During the Baroque era, the research of Johann Dominikus Prunner in Zollfeld (Carinthia) and the excavations of Maximilian III in Carnuntum took place. In the eighteenth century, the Münz- und Antikenkabinett (Cabinet of Coin and Antiquities) was established; today, they are departments of the Kunthistorischen Museum Wien (Viennese Museum of Art). Johann Josef Hilarius Eckhel, who took over the directorship of this collection in 1774, was also appointed to the chair of Altertümer und historischen Hilfsmittel (Antiquities and Historical Sources) at the University of Vienna.

Beginning in the middle of the eighteenth century, the collection of archaeological finds intensified—for example, Franz Steinkogler of Hallstatt collected Roman objects that have remained in the Mathematischen Turm (Mathematical Tower) of the Kremsmünster Monastery. In the early ninteenth century, reports of finds began to increase, and regional museums were founded, beginning with the Joanneum in Graz (1811), followed by the Ferdinandeum in Innsbruck (1823) and the Oberösterreichische Landesmuseum (Upper Austrian Regional Museum, 1833).

Among the scientific organizations founded in this period, the Geschichtsverein für Kärnten (Kärnten Historical Society), established in 1843, is particularly important. Not only does it publish one of the oldest and most important regional scholarly journals, Carinthia, but it also undertook the earliest excavations at Magdalensberg. In 1840, Johann Gabriel Seidl, an employee of the Münz- und Antikenkabinett, began to compile a collection of all notices of