of all ten field parties in 1943, he included a tabular presentation of cultural sequences for twenty regions from the United States to chile, aligned to permit continentwide comparisons of cultural development. This and later comparative studies by Strong reflect the change taking place in U.S. archaeology, with emphasis being placed on functional interpretations rather than local chronological sequences.

During World War II, Strong directed a new federal Ethnogeographic Board, which provided the military with information from anthropological sources on little-known parts of the world. In 1945, he returned to his teaching at Columbia, and he was in the field in Peru again the next year with the virú valley program, a combined geographical, ethnographic, and archaeological study of a single Peruvian valley. It was a landmark in coordinated research and in introducing new concepts and improved chronology. His last work in Peru was in 1952.

Strong’s career was cut short by his sudden death. His research combined the details of ceramic sequences with hemispheric comparative studies, and he was influential in moving archaeology toward greater concern with cultural growth and change.

Richard B. Woodbury

References

For references, see Encyclopedia of Archaeology: The Great Archaeologists, Vol. 1, ed. Tim Murray (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 1999), pp. 422–423.

Stukeley, William

(1687–1765)

William Stukeley can be regarded as the last of the great English antiquarians and the first of that country’s reliable archaeologists. He was born in Lincolnshire, England, the son of a country lawyer and attended Cambridge University from 1704 to 1709. He then moved to London to train as a doctor and later practiced medicine in Boston, Lincolnshire. From 1710 until 1725, he undertook an annual antiquarian tour on horseback to different parts of England viewing churches, abbeys, remarkable buildings and gardens, and sites of historic interest. A competent draftsman, he made many drawings on these tours, and these were published in 1724 in a well-illustrated volume, Itinerarium Curiosum [List of Curiosities].

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William Stukeley

(Science Photo)

Stukeley returned to London in 1717 and became the secretary of the newly revived society of antiquaries of london. He became interested in stone circles and their association with the Druids after reading a copy of john aubrey’s Monumenta Britannica. For the next few years, he applied himself to elucidating the many problems raised by megalithic monuments, effectively advancing the work that Aubrey had begun. He gathered notes on circles and allied monuments from all over the British Isles and undertook intensive fieldwork on the two major sites of Stonehenge and avebury in Wiltshire. His work at Avebury was especially valuable because the local landowner had begun its wanton destruction, breaking up the great stones for building materials and lime. Without Stukeley’s meticulous record of the location of every stone, and his perceptive tracing of depressions and contours, current knowledge of the monument would be greatly reduced.

Similarly, Stukeley carried out intensive fieldwork at Stonehenge over the same period.