in the Third World as a whole. As long as this perception persists, archaeology is unlikely to join the mainstream of Indian education.

This brings us to another little-noticed but nonetheless major unifying feature of Third World archaeology. The results of archaeological research are published almost invariably in one of the dominant languages of the colonial period and are thus disassociated, right from the beginning, from a very large part of the nation as a whole. In India, for instance, it is doubtful if more than 2 percent of the population is familiar with English, but it is in English that almost the entire archaeological literature of India is written and whatever gets written in the major regional languages remains outside the mainstream of this literature. This simple fact puts archaeology beyond the horizon of about 98 percent of the Indian population, with the result that the tradition of conducting investigations and getting things reported first on the local level has never caught on. From this point of view, Bangladesh and Nepal are the only South Asian countries that have a substantial amount of primary archaeological literature in their own languages, Bengali and Nepali respectively.

Dilip Chakrabarti

References and Further Reading

Agrawal, D.P. 1992. Man and Environment in India through Ages: An Interdisciplinary Study of the Indian Quarternary with Focus on North-West. Delhi: Books & Books.

Allchin, F.R. 1961. “Ideas of History in Indian Archaeological Writing: A Preliminary Study.” In Historians of India, Pakistan and Ceylon. Edited by C.H. Philips. London: Oxford University Press.

Burgess, J. 1905. “Sketch of Archaeological Research in India during Half-a-Century.” Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (Centenary Memorial Volume): 131–188.

Burnes, A. 1833. “On the Topes and Grecian Remains in the Panjab.” Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 2: 308–310.

Chakrabarti, D.K. 1976. “India and the Druids.” Antiquity 50: 66–67.

———. 1988a. A History of Indian Archaeology from the Beginning to 1947. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers.

———. 1988b. Theoretical Issues in Indian Archaeology. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers.

———. 1993. Archaeology of Eastern India: Chhotanagpur Plateau and West Bengal. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers.

Cunningham, A. 1843. “An Account of the Discovery of the Ruins of the Buddhist City of Samkassa.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 7: 240–249.

Ghosh, A. 1953. “Fifty Years of the Archaeological Survey of India.” Ancient India 9: 29–52.

Imam, A. 1966. Sir Alexander Cunningham and the Beginnings of Indian Archaeology. Dhaka: Asiatic Society of Pakistan.

Jones, W. 1788. “The Third Anniversary Discourse.” Asiatic Researches 1: 415–431.

Joshi, J. P., M. Bala, and J. Ram. 1984. “The Indus Civilization Reconsideration on the Basis of Distribution Maps.” In Frontiers of the Indus Civilization. Edited by B.B. Lal and S.P. Gupta. New Delhi: Published by Books & Books on behalf of Indian Archaeological Society jointly with Indian History & Culture Society.

Marshall, J. ed. 1951. Taxila. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Mirsky, J. 1977. Sir Aurel Stein: Archaeological Explorer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Misra, V.N. 1989. “Stone Age India: An Ecological Perspective.” Man and Environment 14: 17–64.

Mitra, D. 1971. Excavation at Tilaura Kot and Kodan and Exploration in the Nepalese Terai. Kathmandu.

Mitra, P. 1923. Prehistoric India: Its Place in the World’s Cultures. Calcutta: Calcutta University.

Mitter, P. 1977. Much Maligned Monsters: History of European Reactions to Indian Art. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Murty, M.L.K. 1985. “Ethnoarchaeology of the Kurnool Cave Areas, South India.” World Archaeology 17: 192–205.

Nagar, M, and V.N. Misra. 1989. “Hunter-Gatherers in an Agrarian Setting: The Nineteenth Century Situation in the Ganga Plains.” Man and Environment 13: 65–78.

Paddayya, K. 1978. “New Research Designs and Field-Techniques in the Palaeolithic Archaeology of India.” World Archaeology 10: 94–110.

———. 1990. The New Archaeology and Its Aftermath: A View from Outside the Anglo-American World. Pune: Ravish Publishers.

Possehl, G.L. 1990. “An Archaeological Adventurer in Afghanistan: Charles Masson.” South Asian Studies 6: 111–124.

Prinsep, J. 1838. “On the Edicts of Piyadasi or