September 19 and 20, 1974, 4–59. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia for the Colonial Society of Massachusetts.

Ekholm, E., and J. Deetz. 1971. “The Wellfleet Tavern Site.” Natural History 80, no. 8: 48–57.

Hornblower, H. H. 1943. “The Status of Colonial Archaeology in Massachusetts in 1941.” Massachusetts Archaeological Society Bulletin 4: 41.

———. 1950. “Pilgrim Sites in the Old Colony Area.” Eastern States Archaeological Federation Bulletin 9: 9–10.

Landon, D. B. 1991. Zooarchaeology and Urban Foodways: A Case Study from Eastern Massachusetts. Ph.D. dissertation, Boston University. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International.

———. 1993. “Testing a Seasonal Slaughter Model for Colonial New England Using Tooth Cementum Increment Analysis.” Journal of Archaeological Science 20: 439–455.

Robbins, R. W., and E. Jones. 1969. Pilgrim John Alden’s Progress: Archaeological Excavations in Duxbury. Plymouth, MA: Pilgrim Society.

Poland

The interest in antiquity in Poland dates back to the thirteenth century, as evidenced in the records of mounds called “giants tombs.” In the fourteenth century Jan Długosz, in his Historia Polonica, mentioned clay vessels rooted into the ground, which he considered to be the work of nature. The author who correctly identified those clay vessels as cinerary urns was John Jonston (1605–1675), a doctor and naturalist of Scottish origin from Szamotuły (in the Wielkopolska region). At the same time, Jacob Mellen provided the first detailed description of excavation works in the graveyard of the Lusatian culture in Śmigiel (also in the Wielkopolska region). The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries brought discoveries of the first archaeological artifacts, such as box graves, urns, and coins. Of special note in the eighteenth century were the activities and initiatives of the last Polish king, Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, a great lover of antiquity. The first private collections of archaeological materials were founded in that period. At the end of eighteenth century Count Jan Potocki (1761–1815) drew public attention to archaeological artifacts as sources of knowledge about the history of the Slavs. Considered the pioneer of historical and archaeological studies on the Slavs and their culture, he was the first to formulate a hypothesis about the autochthony of Slavs and authored such important works as Recherches sur la Sarmatie and Histoire primitive des peuples de la Russie.

The year 1795 was a tragic one for Poland, for it was the year in which the country lost its political independence and was divided between russia, Prussia, and austria. For 123 years, therefore, until Poland regained its independence in 1918, the Polish interest in antiquity and then in prehistory developed independently in each of the occupied areas. The first institution to take on archaeological studies was the Warsaw Royal Society of Friends of Sciences, founded in 1800. One of its initiatives was to organize lectures, mainly on history, religion, art, or the beginnings of writing among the Slavs. The society also emphasized the importance of collecting archaeological materials, thus contributing to the formation of the nucleus of the collection of the future Museum of Prehistory. At the same time, state and private collections expanded, for example, those of the Włyńskie Lyceum in Krzemieniec, the Museum of the Czartoryskis in Lvov, the Płock Scientific Society, and the Dukes Czartoryski in Puławy.

The true turning point in the studies of prehistory was a work by Adam Czarnocki (1784– 1825) (whose pen name was Zorian Dołega Chodakowski) entitled On the Slavonic Lands before Christianity (1818). Written in the romantic spirit, Czarnocki’s work comprised ethnographic, archaeological, and linguistic elements; it described a program for a systematic study of prehistoric monuments and argued for comprehensive research on Slavdom. It also recognized the unique function and importance of archaeology in the study of the past, with particular emphasis on the prehistory of the Slavs. This interest in the past of Slavdom was inspired by patriotism, which for Poles was closely linked with the loss of statehood. During the whole period of romantic archaeology, that is, until the 1870s, the attention of archaeologists was almost entirely focused on the history of Slavs. In 1848 a four-faced statue of Światowid (a Slavic deity)—made of sandstone and 2.7 meters