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Panama

Before World War I Panamanian archaeology was known largely through grave goods collected by dilettantes in Panama’s western isthmus. Museum studies focused on the Chiriquí culture (now known as Gran Chiriquí) (Haberland 1984). Paleolithic stone tools from a Caribbean valley (along the Río Obispo) and shard scatters in Darién forests (Cana) were soon forgotten. A 1915 exhibition of pottery from Coclé included polychrome vessels that were rare in Chiriquí tombs, and in their designs German archaeologist max uhle (1924) saw Maya influences. Soon after, freelance writer Alpheus Hyatt Verrill drove disorderly trenches through the El Caño site, mistakenly believing that a volcanic eruption had destroyed a temple there. The sculpted and unsculpted monoliths of the site in fact belonged to a ceremonial center, which has been largely overlooked by professional archaeologists. In the early 1930s Harvard University sent archaeologists Henry Roberts and Samuel K. Lothrop to Sitio Conte; they excavated 59 graves in which mostly adult males were buried with large quantities of pottery and personal ornaments, including more than 1,000 metal objects. In 1940 J. Alden Mason excavated a further 41 graves.

Lothrop derived Panama’s second archaeological culture—Coclé—from Sitio Conte’s mortuary arts and believed it spanned a period of 190 years before the Spanish conquest (a.d. 1330–1520). He assumed that Sitio Conte’s hinterland was the Coclé culture’s epicenter, from which its influences emanated to neighboring regions. He thought that most pottery and jewelry was made locally and that a few objects were imports from colombia and ecuador. Influenced by the Spanish chronicler Fernández de Oviedo, he proposed that the richest graves belonged to hereditary chiefs and nobles and the more modest ones to commoners and slaves.

In 1927 Swedish archaeologist Sigvald Linné traveled by boat with Baron Nordenskiöld to the Pearl Islands, the Darién, and the Caribbean coast east of the Calovébora River. Although his mandate was to search for contacts with “higher” cultures and for evidence of transisthmian migrations, Linné intuitively laid the foundations