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New Zealand: Historical Archaeology

Culture contact, extractive industry, and urban domesticity are themes that dominate the archaeological history of New Zealand since 1769 when European exploration brought New Zealand into the historic era. Originating in the 1920s, public and academic interest in the field of historical archaeology in New Zealand has grown dramatically since the mid-1970s.

Archaeological interest in the prehistoric Maori occupants of the country developed within a few decades of the founding of the first European settlement in 1792, but it was almost 120 years before attention turned to the postcontact period. The earliest work focused on sites from the mid-nineteenth-century wars between the Maori and the colonists, the most important being Elsdon Best’s description of European redoubts, stockades, and blockhouses in the Wellington district (Best 1921) and his analysis of the manner in which Maori pa (earthwork fortifications) adapted to the introduction of muskets and artillery bombardment (Best 1927). These and other early works (see Smith 1990) concentrated on the description of surface features and reconstruction from historical sources rather than excavation. These works were also driven by the enthusiasm of individual scholars rather than by an institutionally based concern for the sites or the material culture of the historic period. Once the attention of those scholars turned elsewhere, historical archaeology in New Zealand became dormant.

The first excavation of a historic period site took place in 1959 at Orongo Bay, Gisborne, and was of a nineteenth-century Maori occupation