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Israel

Archaeological fieldwork and research in Israel began long before the founding of the modern state in 1948. This article treats the history of archaeology in the region in nineteenth- and twentieth-century western Palestine in brief and then deals with developments in Israel after 1948 in greater detail.

The Formative Period in the Nineteenth Century

Archaeology in “the Holy Land,” as Palestine under Ottoman Turkish rule was often called, began as part of the general rediscovery of the long-lost ancient Near East in the early to mid-nineteenth century. Discoveries of major monuments in Egypt and mesopotamia, as well as the recovery and decipherment of the earliest known written documents, beginning in the 1840s, soon galvanized interest in Palestine—especially as some of the most spectacular finds seemed to “prove the Bible.”

Palestinian archaeology is generally said to have had its beginnings in the journeys of the Americans Edward Robinson and Eli Smith in 1838, pioneer mapmakers who first correctly