pottery from the Batungan Cave sites in Masbate; to the earliest pottery on Saipan, Tinian, and Rota in the Marianas; and to pottery from the Kamassi site in central-western Sulawesi. There were also a few fired clay ornaments, either pendants or earrings (Theil 1986–1987a). Theil also excavated in two cave sites near Penablanca. Arcu Cave (Theil 1986–1987b) was a burial cave with C-14 dates from about 6,000 to 2,000 years ago. Six types of secondary burial included jar burial. Some of the bones were covered with red ochre. Associated with burials were flake tools, ornaments, shell bracelets, spindle whorls, and a stone barkcloth beater. Musang Cave had been used both for burials and as a habitation site; a lower level had dates between 11,500 and 9,000 years ago while the upper level had dates between 5,200 and 4,000 years ago. Ronquillo (1981) made a report on the stone tool technology of a third Pleistocene habitation cave in the same area.

By the mid-1970s, red-slipped and plain earthenware pottery had been dated back to 1,500 b.c. and earlier at a number of sites in the Cagayan Valley and on the adjacent east coast of Luzon. In 1978 Shutler made excavations at Andarayan and Fuga Moro Island in northern Cagayan Province. From these excavations considerable earthenware was recovered and a very successful attempt was made to work out a method to differentiate the plain and red-slipped wares of northern Luzon. By very detailed analysis of stages of manufacture and of the clay used, Snow and Shutler (1985) were able to define three pottery traditions, two of them starting around 800 years ago and continuing into specific ethnic groups today, and a third that appeared as early as 5,000 years ago and may be ancestral to the other two (147–148).

Karl Hutterer of the Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, started, in cooperation with Silliman University, a long-range, interdisciplinary program in southeastern Negros called the Bais Anthropological Project. The researchers “gathered archaeological, ethnographic, biological and geological data to provide an overall understanding of prehistoric societies in Negros, and of ‘how and why they evolved into the contemporary configurations and cultural groupings of the island’” (Ronquillo 1985, 81; Hutterer and Macdonald 1979, 1982).

Robert F. Maher first made test excavations in Ifugao, northern Philippines, in 1961, but was unable to return again until 1973. His first purpose in working there was to find out the age of the Ifugao rice terraces: whether they were about 3,000 years old, as proposed by Beyer, or whether they were built by lowland farmers escaping to the mountains to get away from Spanish control, as proposed by Keesing and others. Maher excavated in three areas that he felt would represent a late location, a middle location that would be neither early nor late, and a site in the assumed earliest area of Ifugao occupation. The dates were 205≈/–100 years ago for the late location (Maher 1973, 52), 695±110 and 735≈/–105 years ago (Maher 1973, 55) from a midden at the medium location, and 2,950±250 years ago (Maher 1973, 56) from the oldest location on a house platform. While these did not date rice terraces they did show that the area with house platforms was occupied well before arrival of the Spanish. Maher did fieldwork in Ifugao in two more seasons, the final one in 1978. The report was published after his untimely death in 1987.

There has been a considerable amount of ethnoarchaeology done in the Philippines. In the 1950s Solheim published several papers on pottery manufacture. In the 1960s Daniel Scheans did a major work on pottery manufacture for ethnic groups all over the Philippines (1966). In 1969 Lionel Chiong, with Silliman University in Dumaguete, Negros Oriental, made a study of pottery manufacture in one barrio near Dumaguete (1975). Starting in 1974 Bion Griffin and Agnes Estioko-Griffin (Griffin and Griffin 1978) started a long-term program with the hunting and collecting Agta of northeastern Luzon. In Kalinga, starting in 1975 in the mountains of northern Luzon, William Longacre made a detailed ethnoarchaeological study of a pottery-making village (1981).

Rosa Tenazas (1974) excavated in a unique burial jar site in Barrio Magsuhot in southeastern Negros in 1974. The site had been discovered by farmers in 1972 and came to the attention