(New Zealand), E. Arseno Manuel (Philippines), and Prince Dhani Nivat (Thailand). From these members, an executive committee of five was selected: Groslier as permanent president, Duff as permanent secretary, Li, Drake, and van Heekeren. Among other instructions, the executive committee was to sponsor future congresses, encourage the formation of branches in member countries or areas, prepare for member institutions and countries a semiannual report on prehistoric and other anthropological activities, and receive and administer funds.

Solheim was elected president of FEPA and was asked to write a constitution—up to this time, the organization had been without a constitution or bylaws. At each meeting, Solheim would propose incorporation, and Duff would counterpropose a vote of confidence in Solheim and that the organization should continue informally with Solheim doing all of the work. Duff always won. In 1972, Solheim started editing The Far-Eastern Prehistory Association Newsletter and continued to do so until 1975 when R.J. Lampert of Australia took over. The newsletter was replaced by the Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association in 1980, edited by Peter Bellwood, who continues as editor.

A major congress was held in Nice, france, in 1975 in conjunction with the Eleventh Congress of the International Union of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences. At this congress, a constitution was accepted, and it resulted in a reorganization and the change of the name to the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association (Solheim 1977, 172–175). Solheim was elected president, and jack golson became vice-president, to assume the office of president in 1980. Rajendra Misra took over as president of IPPA in 1985 at the group’s first independent congress, the twelfth, held at Penablanca, Cagayan Province, Philippines. Proceedings of a portion of this congress appeared in Asian Perspectives (Bellwood and Solheim 1984–1985). The second independent congress, the thirteenth, was held in Osaka and Tokyo in 1987, and the fourteenth congress took place in Yokyakarta, Indonesia, in 1990, with roger green assuming the office of president. The fifteenth congress was held in Chiang Mai, Thailand, in January 1994 where R.P. Soejono took over as president and the sixteenth conference was held in Malacca, Malaysia, in 1999.

Wilhelm G. Solheim II

References

Bellwood, P., and W.G. Solheim II. 1984–1985. “Introduction.” Asian Perspectives 26, no. 1: 15–17.

Chasen, F.N., and M.W.F. Tweedie. 1940. Proceedings of the Third Congress of Prehistorians of the Far East. Singapore: Government Printing Office.

Praehistorica Asiae Orientalis. 1932. Hanoi.

Solheim, W.G., II. 1957. “The Far-Eastern Prehistory Association.” Asian Perspectives 1: 6–12.

———. 1977. “Reorganization of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association and the IXth Congress of the International Union of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences.” Asian Perspectives 20, no. 1: 172–178.

Indonesia

The growth of archaeology in Indonesia from an amateur activity to a science can be divided into five phases of development. The first phase comprises the intensive registration of ancient remains without the coordination and supervision of any authorized archaeological organization and occurred during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The second phase, from 1900 to 1950, saw the institutionalization of archaeological activities, the consolidation of archaeological work, the emergence of new data, and the formulation of hypotheses across many different fields of archaeology. During the third phase, from 1950 to 1956, little archaeology was undertaken due to disruption by the struggle for political independence from Holland. Between 1956 and 1975 the study of archaeology of Indonesia by Indonesians was consolidated. From 1975 until the present archaeology in Indonesia has come of age.

Prior to the eighteenth century, knowledge of ancient objects and monuments was acquired through local and descriptive exploration, sometimes accompanied by classification based on their historical background but more often partly mythological and based on the beliefs of the local people. This kind of descriptive activity