peoples after contact and the varieties of resistance to European hegemony. Most of this work built upon the work on acculturation and colonialism begun in the previous period, and much of it attempted to deconstruct the dominance ideology of the Quadricentennial centennial, and reconstruct the colonial arena from an American perspective. (For critiques of these efforts see Patterson 1991; Wilson 1990).

The meeting of the Society for Historical Archaeology was held in the Caribbean for the first time in 1992, in Kingston, Jamaica, and this event provided both a forum for Caribbean historical archaeology (Agorsah and Smith 1992; Barka 1992; Emerson 1992; Hamilton 1992; Luna 1992) and an opportunity for critical self-analysis by the archaeologists doing it (Scott 1992; Spencer Wood 1992). The meeting was dominated by sessions devoted to slavery, resistance to slavery, and the construction of post-Columbian ethnicity and cultural identity, and these concerns continued to direct research in the Caribbean and in Florida during the 1990s (see Hurry and Dinnell 1995).

The Quincentenary also generated a great deal of archaeological research at sites of early European contact and colonization in both Florida and the Caribbean. Although much of that work was initially conceived in support of historical tourism related to the Quincentenary, it also resulted in important advances in understanding the mechanisms of colonization, the forms of colonial interactions, and the ethnogenesis of Iberian-American society (Deagan 1988, 1996; Thomas 1990; Milanich and Milbrath 1989).

Archaeological work at Columbus-related sites was carried out intensively in the Caribbean, including interdisciplinary efforts to identify the landfall site of Columbus in the Bahamas (see Hoffman 1987). What was probably the most intensive archeological effort at Quincentenary-related sites took place in the Dominican Republic, where a massive program of tourism-related development was begun during the late 1980s (see Deagan and Cruxent 1993; Wilson 1990). Renewed study of La Isabela, the first American town established by Columbus, was undertaken by Dominican, Venezuelan, U.S., Spanish, and Italian researchers and led to the creation of a museum and an archaeological park at the site. The research also produced the first modern characterization of the late medieval—and ultimately unsuccessful—colonization strategy brought initially to the Americas by Columbus (see Cruxent 1990; Deagan and Cruxent 1993). A considerable amount of excavation also took place in Santo Domingo, including at the locations and study of the city’s original 1498 to 1502 site.

La Navidad, Columbus’s first fort established in Haiti in 1492, holds particular importance as the site of the first sustained encounter between the people of Europe and the Caribbean, one at which the Europeans were defeated and driven away. Archaeological work took place from 1983 to 1988 at the site believed to be the Indian town in which La Navidad was established, and concentrated on the impact of this brief encounter on the Taino Indians of the area.

The development potentials of the Quincentenary also provided impetus for a seven-year archaeological program at Puerto Real, Haiti, primarily orientated toward the adaptive and interactive processes that led to the formation of post-Columbian American society (Deagan 1995). Research with similar orientations took place in Cuba (Dominguez and Pantoja 1992) and St. Augustine, Florida (Cusick 1994).

In Florida the Quincentennial events stimulated archaeological research on the contact period, with particular emphasis on reconstructing American Indian social and demographic patterns by reassessing the accounts and archaeological remains of the earliest explorers—most frequently Hernando de Soto—in the region. Summaries of that work can be found in Milanich 1991, Milanich and Milbrath 1989, and Thomas 1990.

Marine archaeology in Florida and the Caribbean was also affected by the Quincentenary, most visibly in efforts to locate and study the ships of Columbus and other early Spanish explorers. Advances in these areas are summarized by Smith (1993). During the late 1980s and the 1990s, however, marine archaeology in Florida and the Caribbean also expanded dramatically both in its intensity and in the diversity