Ecuador. This trend was enhanced by an increase in archaeological impact studies, most of which were conducted by Ecuadorean graduates in anthropology and archaeology. However, although the demand for archaeologists increased, a perverse tendency developed in universities where careers were judged by cost-benefit parameters and archaeology or anthropology was not deemed as attractive to the university council as management or business studies.

A number of medium-sized projects to study Ecuadorian biodiversity and native development are now opening up new opportunities for archaeological research, and as a result there has been an increase in the demand for graduates in archaeology. This situation is a welcome preview of better days ahead at the outset of the third millennium.

Jorge G. Marcos

References

Bushnell, Geoffrey H. S. 1951. The Archaeology of the Santa Elena Peninsula in South West Ecuador. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Collier, Donald. 1982. “One Hundred Years of Ecuadorian Archeology.” In 1o Simposio de Correlaciones Antropológicas Andino-Mesoamericano, 5–33. Ed. Jorge G. Marcos and Presley Norton. Salinas, Ecuador, 25–31 July 1971. Guayaquil: ESPOL.

Collier, Donald, and John V. Murra. 1943. Survey and Excavations in Southern Ecuador. Anthropological Series, vol. 35. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History.

Estrada, Emilio. 1958. Las culturas pre-clásicas, formativas o arcaicas del Ecuador. Guayaquil: Museo Victor Emilio Estrada.

———. 1962. Arqueología de Manabí Central. Guayaquil: Museo Victor Emilio Estrada.

Evans, Clifford, and Betty J. Meggers. 1966. “Mesoamerica and Ecuador.” In Archaeological Frontiers and External Connections, 243–264. Ed. Gordon F. Ekholm and Gordon R. Willey. Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. 4. Gen ed. Robert Wauchope. Austin: University of Texas Press.

Jijón y Caamaño, Jacinto. 1952 [1945]. Antropología Prehispánica del Ecuador. Quito: La Prensa Católica.

———. 1997. Antropología Prehispánica del Ecuador. 2d ed. Quito: Embajada de España, Agencia de Cooperación Española– Museo Jacinto Jijón y Caamaño.

Lathrap, Donald W. 1966. “Relationships between Mesoamerica and the Andean Areas.” In Archaeological Frontiers and External Connections, 265–276. Ed. Gordon F. Ekholm and Gordon R. Willey. Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. 4. Robert Wauchope, gen. ed. Austin: University of Texas Press.

———. 1973. “The Antiquity of Long Distance Trade Relationships in the Moist Tropics of Pre-Columbian South America.” World Archaeology 5, no. 2: 170–186.

———. 1982. “Complex Iconographic Features Shared by Olmec and Chavin and Some Speculations on Their Possible Significance.” In 1 Simposio de Correlaciones Antropológicas Andino-Mesoamericanas, 301–327. Ed. Jorge G. Marcos and Presley Norton. Salinas, Ecuador, 25–31 July 1971. Guayaquil: ESPOL.

Lathrap, Donald W., John Collier, and Helen Chandra. 1975. Ancient Ecuador. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History.

Lathrap, Donald W., Jorge G. Marcos, and James A. Zeidler. 1977. “Real Alto: An Ancient Ceremonial Center.” Archaeology 30, no. 1: 2–13.

Marcos, Jorge G. 1978. “The Ceremonial Precinct at Real Alto: Organization of Time and Space in Valdivia Society.” Ph.D. diss., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International 7913541.

Meggers, Betty J. 1966. Ecuador. New York: Frederick Praeger.

Meggers, Betty J., Clifford Evans, and Emilio Estrada. 1965. “The Early Formative Period of Coastal Ecuador: The Valdivia and Machalilla Phases.” Smithsonian Institution Contributions to Anthropology 1.

Rowe, John H. 1954. “Max Uhle, 1856–1944. A Memoir of the Father of Peruvian Archaeology.” In University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 46, no. 1: 1–134. Berkeley; Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Egypt: Dynastic

Introduction

The archaeology of Pharaonic Egypt spans three millennia (ca. 3100–332 b.c.) and encompasses a diverse body of artifacts, architecture, texts, and organic remains. Museums throughout the