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References
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Haviland, W. A. 2000. Human Evolution and Prehistory. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt College Publishers.
Meadow, R. 1984. “Animal Domestication in the Middle East.” In Animals and Archaeology, vol. 3, Early Herders and Their Flocks. BAR International Series 202. Ed. J. Clutton-Brock and C. Grigson. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
Pringle, H. 1997. “The Slow Birth of Agriculture.” Science 282: 1446–1450.
Rindos, D. 1984. The Origins of Agriculture: An Evolutionary Perspective. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Smith, B. 1995. The Emergence of Agriculture. New York: W. H. Freeman. (Scientific American Library).
(1853–1940)
Dorpfeld was employed as an architectural draftsman at the excavation of Olympia, under the supervision of the great German classical archaeologist ernst curtius. It was Dorpfeld who had shown heinrich schliemann around the site of Olympia in 1876, which Schliemann visited after he had been accused of amateur and unscientific excavation methods. Dorpfeld was familiar with the technical side of the excavations and so impressed Schliemann that he was eventually hired to work at the site of Troy, in Hisarlik in Turkey.
From 1882 to 1890, Dorpfeld was Schleimann’s assistant. He began at Troy during Schleimann’s third season of excavations, after Schliemann had once again been criticized by journalists and some archaeologists for being a treasure hunter and a fraud—and this despite the friendship of the great German archaeologist rudolf virchow. So Dorpfeld was employed for scholarly credibility, and wisely so as it turned out. He clarified the stratigraphy of the walls and allowed a better understanding of the evolution of the structures on the site. He corrected Schliemann’s mistake of attributing the burnt layer to the second rather than the third layer from the bottom. Dorpfeld also discovered that the city continued outside the walls and was present in Hissarlik in March 1890 when the international panel of archaeologists assembled by Schliemann decided that the site was indeed the remains of ancient Troy.
Dorpfeld went on to assist Schliemann at the excavation of the city of Tiryns in the Peloponese from 1884 to 1885. The floor plan of the palace was uncovered and Dorpfeld discerned the floor plans of two buildings similar in structure to that of Temple A at Troy. He identified this architectural form as the Homeric megaron. The other major find at Tiryns were Mycenean wall-paintings. While the site was a disappointment to Schliemann, for Dorpfeld it was a great success, as it was he who located the architectural remains and the wall paintings.
In 1886 Schliemann and Dorpfeld excavated at Levadia, where they searched unsuccessfully for the site of the Oracle of Trophonius. They also returned to Orchomenos, where Dorpfeld cleaned out and drew up a more accurate plan of the tomb. Together they visited Crete to look at the site at Knossos—but Schliemann considered the rights to excavate the site to be too expensive.
Dorpfeld traveled with Schliemann to London to help mount a response to critics of the interpretation of their finds from Tiryns and escorted Schliemann’s body from Naples, where he had died, back to Athens, where he was buried.
Succeeding Schliemann, Dorpfeld used more refined excavation methods, identifying nine levels and revising Schliemann’s chronology and stratigraphy at Hissarlik, proposing that Troy VI, not Troy II, was the Homeric city. In 1893 and 1894 Dorpfeld confirmed the late Bronze Age date of Troy VI. He subsequently excavated on Levkas, which he identified as Homeric Ithaca, the home of Odysseus.
(1867–1962)
Born in Windsor, Vermont, and a graduate of Trinity College, Connecticut, in 1889, Douglass joined the Harvard College Observatory, which marked the beginning of a long and eminent career concerned primarily with astronomy. Douglass helped to establish and operate three major astronomical
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