among investigation projects situated in the north and later to those situated in the central and southern parts of the country. Considerable time had to pass, however, before academics could present more valid scientific proposals, although Orellana has argued that some museums situated in the north of the country were not only unaffected by the military regime but actually benefited from it. Closer analysis contradicts this assumption.

To the young generation of investigators who began their academic careers during the early years of the military regime, the long years of postponement and frustration represented an excruciatingly pathetic hiatus. The events were dramatic because, between 1973 and 1975, the schools of anthropology and archaeology at the Universities of Concepción and Norte were shut down. In 1980, the University of Chile was cut off from its regional campuses located in the northern part of the country. Those campuses were the seats of the Program of Archaeological and Museum Investigations, and of those programs, only an isolated museum course remained at the University of Antofagasta. The Universidad del Norte was dismantled, and its campuses were segregated along with their research units and museums; only the Museum of San Pedro Atacama was retained.

Archaeologists who were exiled and never returned include J. Montané, F. Bate, B. Berdichewsky, and O. Ortíz, and some anthropologists and archaeologists who were acquitted (but nevertheless imprisoned) were incorporated into other universities in the country. Of the network of University of Chile museums that were cofounded by B. Marinov and P. Núñez, only one remains, at the University of Antofagasta; the rest were taken over by fragile municipal governments. At the same time, the law office of the Central House of the University of Chile in Santiago proceeded in 1974 to clear management positions, an opportunity that this author, along with a dozen other affected scholars, took advantage of and in so doing, distanced ourselves from our universities of origin.

The civilian groups of the Universidad del Norte linked to the military junta neutralized student resistance in Arica by founding an archaeological museum in 1986. The groups that supported the creation of an Institute of Anthropology in 1983 provided resources for its infrastructure, and its directorship alternated among P. Dauelsberg, G. Focacci, and M. Rivera during the military regime. The Chilean Archaeological Congress of 1974 was canceled because of political allegations presented by one of the historians of Chilean archaeology.

The creation of the School of Anthropology at Antofagasta in 1971 represented one of the most important contributions to the discipline made by the Universidad Católica del Norte. The foundation of this school was in great part achieved by the joint efforts of Guacolda Boisset, the Department of Archaeology, and the associated Regional Museum. Twenty archaeologists from the north graduated in 1976, the first generation to obtain postgraduate degrees (C. Santoro, I. Muñoz, V. Standen, G. Castillo, M. Cervellino, M.A. Costa, C. Moragas, among others), and its members were tutored by academics who had achieved a regional identity, such as G. Boisset, B. Bittmann, A. Llagostera, L. Núñez, N. Vergara, V. Bustos, J. Munziaga, and H. Garcés.

During the years of the military regime, some significant contributions to the discipline were made by individuals rather than by institutions. Good examples include advances in the archaeology of central Chile based on reliable sequences and the well-documented definition of cultural complexes by F. Falabella, R. Stehberg, E. Durán, L. Cornejo, T. Planella, and others. Investigators such as F. Mena, M. Massone, C. Ocampo, and C. Prieto in the territory of Tierra del Fuego reactivated the study of hunter gatherers and created a suitable environment in which to undertake collaborative research with Argentinean colleagues. Paleo-Indian investigations started by Montané were taken up in central Chile, and in the arid and semiarid north, institutional and individual projects never halted, as is shown by the proceedings of the various archaeological congresses, the creation of the Institute of Archaeology in San Pedro Atacama, and the foundation of various state-funded museums.

After the return to democracy in 1991, the consequences of the academic impoverishment