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(1791–1860)
Educated at various German universities in modern, ancient, and original languages; theology; and law, Bunsen joined his mentor Barthold Niebuhr in Rome during the early nineteenth century where Niebuhr was Prussian minister to the Vatican. Bunsen succeeded to this post in 1824 and, with his English wife, made their residence the center of a German cultural milieu in Rome.
Bunsen was also interested in archaeology and art, and during his years in Rome his residence also became a meeting place for artists, archaeologists, and scholars from every country. The sculptor Thorwaldsen, the philosopher Chateaubriand, jean-françois champollion, and Leopardi were visitors. Archaeologists such as F.G. Welcker, professor at Bonn and one of the most renowned philologists of the time, Heinrich Panofka, and Eduard Gerhard congregated around Bunsen.
Gerhard was to become the lifetime administrator of the Instituto di Corrispondenza Archeologica (which later became the deutsches archäologisches institut). The institute was Bunsen’s initiative, conceived as an international organization, whose main task was to improve the knowledge of antiquities among archaeologists and art historians. There was so much being discovered about the past at this time that the institute was responsible for producing a formidable range of regular publications on notable archaeological discoveries. Scholars, collectors, and archaeologists contributed to its publications in the areas of method (academic philology); aesthetics, in the style of johann joachim winckelmann; and the discoveries of the Grand Tour. These publications created a kind of living encyclopedia of archaeology covering all categories and specialties, such as museum catalogues, topographic description, epigraphy, ceramic studies, and iconography.
Bunsen left Rome in 1838. He was Prussian minister to Switzerland until 1841 and then he was minister to England, the most important diplomatic post at the time. He worked hard to improve international relations between Prussia and England, which were strained by the Schleswig-Holstein issue. He also tried to bring Prussia into the alliance against Russia during the Crimean War, and as a result of this he was recalled to Prussia in 1854.
See also
(1568–1652)
The son of a pastor in Uppsala, sweden, Bure received a strict classical education. In addition to learning Greek and Latin, Bure taught himself Hebrew. In 1602 he became tutor to Crown Prince Gustavus Adolphus, future king of Sweden, who was one of the great politicians and military leaders of the seventeenth century.
The interest in the antiquities of Rome and Greece that occurred in the more southern parts of Europe and England was matched by an interest in Nordic monuments and antiquities in those countries further to the north. In these countries the history of antiquarianism and that of nationalism are difficult to separate. In the seventeenth century Sweden/Norway and Denmark/Finland were political rivals each with two double monarchies. They were determined to justify their ambitions in Europe by recalling the triumphs of their past. At about the same time antiquaries throughout Europe began to systematically record the monuments and antiquities of their countries and regions and nowhere was this more advanced than in Scandinavia. The decipherment of runes allowed for the reading of the earliest records of the northern kingdoms, and the extensive field surveys revealed monuments that were quickly interpreted as being something to be proud of.
At the court Bure began to decipher Nordic
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