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Salamis

Salamis, an Iron Age and classical site on the east coast of cyprus, has a long history of archaeological work. The Cesnola family worked on the site in the mid-nineteenth century, but fortunately they found too little to encourage further depredations on their part. Toward the end of the nineteenth century, M. Ohnefalsch-Richter and others excavated on behalf of various British institutions.

In the 1920s and 1930s, small-scale work was carried out by the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus. After World War II, work was resumed under the direction of vassos karageorghis, who excavated at Salamis between 1953 and 1974. During that time, the Department of Antiquities cleared and restored large areas of the classical city, including the gymnasium and the theater. French archaeologists, including J. Pouilloux and M. Yon, worked at several sites together with the Department of Antiquities between 1964 and 1974. Further work has been precluded by the Turkish occupation of northern Cyprus. In a nearby Iron Age necropolis, tumuli cover the built tombs of the eighth century, some of which have horse-and-chariot burials and luxury grave goods (such as a bronze cauldron and ivory furniture fittings).

David Frankel

References

Karageorghis, V. 1999. Excavating at Salamis in Cyprus, 1952–1974. Athens: A.G. Leventis Foundation.

Sankalia, Hasmukh D.

(1908–1989)

For many years Hasmukh D. Sankalia was a professor of archaeology at the Deccan College, Pune (Poona) in India, and he was also director of the college for some time before his retirement. Initially, he undertook surveys in Gujarat, his home state, and published, among other things, an analysis of the ancient historical geography of the region. Subsequently, he excavated Langhnaj, a Mesolithic to early-historical site in northern Gujarat.

At Deccan College, he initiated a well-coordinated field-based program of Ph.D. studies covering areas that included the modern states of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Nadhya Pradesh, Naharashtra, Andhra, Earnataka, Orissa, and Uttar Pradesh (the Son Valley and the Kumaun Hills). The emphasis was on area surveys and on prehistory and proto-history. He and his colleagues excavated major proto-historic sites from Rajasthan to Karnataka—Ahar, Navdatoli, Kayatha, Somnath, Nasik, Jorwe, Nevasa, Sanganakallu, Tekkalakota, Inamgaon, and others. In each case, the emphasis was on horizontal exposures, and the plethora of details on the proto-historic village life of the region is entirely owing to a range of excellently conducted and published excavation reports. In each case, there was also emphasis on the scientific analysis of materials, especially in the identification of animal, plant, and human remains.

Sankalia did not extensively excavate many historical sites except Brahmapuri in the southern part of Naharashtra. He was ever receptive to the changing ideas of archaeology and more keen than anybody else of his generation about the establishment of archaeology as an independent